Fatima Jamil
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Interpretation of Spectral Information
1-Interpretation of Spectral Information Infrared spectroscopy did not provide complete information about compound spectra. The information obtained from it, nevertheless often correct, is always indefinite and is used together with confirmations by chemical, physical and other means of spectroscopy. Absorption bands of complex compounds cannot interpret precisely.
By Fatima Jamil3 years ago in Education
Infrared mode of Absorption and its Stretching Vibrations
1.1-The infrared mode of absorption When molecules absorb radiations with specific energy they get excited and move from lower to higher energy state. Similarly, molecules absorb infrared radiations that are quantized. Radiations of selected frequencies of infrared radiations are absorbed by the molecules. This absorption leads to energy change on the order of 9 to 40KJ/mole. Electromagnetic radiations of that energy range correspond to the stretching and bending vibrational frequencies of different organic and inorganic molecules. In the infrared mode of absorption, frequencies of infrared radiations that are correctly matched with the natural vibrational frequencies of the covalent compounds are simply absorbed. This absorbed frequency lead to increase the vibrational amplitude of the moving bonds in the organic molecule. Only those compounds have a dipole moment that may change as a function of time has the ability to absorb infrared radiations.
By Fatima Jamil3 years ago in Education
Infrared Region
Interaction of electromagnetic radiations with the matter is termed as spectroscopy. All types of compounds organic and inorganic, containing covalent bonds must absorb frequencies in the range of Infrared of the electromagnetic radiations. This region has wavelength higher than the ultraviolet region and has shorter wavelength than the microwaves region. It ranges from 400cm-1 to 4000cm-1. We use the infrared spectrum for the identification of compounds much like the fingerprint that we use for human identification. We simply compare the infrared spectra of two compounds to confirm whether they are identical or not. If their spectra match peak for peak, they must be identical compounds. Infrared spectroscopy did not provide complete information about compound spectra. The information obtained from it, nevertheless often correct, is always indefinite and is used together with confirmations by chemical, physical and other means of spectroscopy. Amines can be derived from ammonia. In amines one of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia compound can be displace by hydrocarbon group like alkyls. These amines can be distinguished on the basis of their spectra in dilute solutions in infrared region. Primary amines depict two bands in the region of 3300 to 3000cm-1 due to their fundamental N-H stretching vibrations. Secondary amines show only single band in this region of 3300 to 3000cm-1 while, tertiary amines do not show any band at all. Stretching vibrations of N-H region shows absorption bands near the range of 3550 to 3300cm-1. In clear solution samples the N-H shows feeble and acute peaks than O-H band which mostly appears in same region. For primary amines spectra shows in plane strong N-H scissoring absorptions at the range of 1550 to 1650cm-1 along with out of plane wagging vibrations at the range of 650 to 900cm-1. These peaks are usually broad and are the characteristics of amines. Infrared spectra of secondary amines showed weak N-H bending absorptions that are visible in the infrared region of 1500 to 1600cm-1. An intense broad wagging absorption bands may appear in the range of 650 to 900cm-1. Tertiary amines showed broad bands in the infrared spectra aside from the N-H stretch and these compounds shown specific characteristics for their alkyl and aryl substituents.
By Fatima Jamil3 years ago in Education
Carbonic Anhydrase
Introduction to Enzymes: Enzymes: Enzymes are proteins molecules that are required to catalyze biological processes. They exhibit the properties of proteins. Enzymes usually catalyze a reaction by lowering the activation energy that is required to complete a reaction. That is why, enzymes are effectively regulated to control the biological processes and ensure the product concentration does not rise up to desire level. Enzymes can be denatured by a small change in pH and concentration.
By Fatima Jamil3 years ago in Earth
Phosphoryl Group Transfer Potential
Introduction “High energy phosphate bond” is a misleading word as it was thought that the bond itself contains energy. But in actual term, the hydrolysis of this bond requires an input of energy. The change in energy during the hydrolysis of phosphate bond does not result in bond breakage but infects the energy that comes from the products that have low free energy content. Therefore, for convenience, we use the term high energy phosphate compounds for those compounds that contain phosphate groups. In living organisms, phosphate compounds can be divided into two parts on the basis of their free energy change; “low energy” compounds and “high energy” compounds. We noticed a change in energy in a series of reactions when a phosphorylated compound is formed by reacting to another phosphorylated compound that has a negative free energy of hydrolysis.
By Fatima Jamil3 years ago in Education
Polymerization of Teflon
1-Properties of Teflon In the all above discussion we saw that Teflon has remarkable properties. It shows chemical inertness, electrical resistance properties, heat insulation, and shows non friction and non-stick properties over a wide range of temperature and pressure.
By Fatima Jamil3 years ago in Earth
Time to Time Advancements in Tetrafluoroethylene
6-The Chronological profile of Polytetrafluroethylene List of the Events: 1-Discovery of PTFE PTFE burst upon the scene quite by the accident, true to the discovery pattern of so many great inventions. In 1938 Mr. Roy J. Plunkett, a DuPont chemist, was developing a new refrigerant when he discovered “Polytetrafluoroethylene” often referred to as the PTFE resins.
By Fatima Jamil3 years ago in Education
The Story Behind "Happy Pan"
Teflon was an accidental creation in 1983, by a young boy name Roy J. Plunkett, who took a new job in DuPont. It is a polymer with high versatility and offering various advantages. It can be dissolved by using certain metals or hot fluorine gas, which shows that it is highly resistant to corrosion. It is a slippery and smooth material. Due to these properties is mostly used for coating purposes to different machine parts which are most likely subjected to heat and friction. Laboratory equipment and cooking utensils are also coated with a plain layer of Teflon. Scientist considered this invention “An example of serendipity, a flash of genius, a lucky accident” or they consider it a mixture of all three. Whatever the situation is, one thing is confirm and to the point that PTFE modernized and revolutionized the plastic industry. It also gives birth to certain other timeless applications that are helpful for the mankind. It was consider that the production of Teflon may increase over passing years and make it beneficial for human use. It was said that the demand for “Happy Pan” in USA reach 1 million per month and Production of Teflon will surpass 240,000 tons by the year 2022.
By Fatima Jamil3 years ago in Education
Environmental Chemistry and Its Course Contents (3/4)
Cleaner Production Cleaner production is a preventive integrated and continuous strategy that is used for the modification of products, processes and services. It is used to enhance the efficiency of the system which improves environmental performance along with its cost. It reduces the risk of environmental pollution and conserves energy.
By Fatima Jamil3 years ago in Earth
Solid Waste Management (2/2)
Well-developed Roadmap for Sustainable Environment Basic Objectives This model is designed with the basic aim to set the policy framework, and monitor the practical measures that are obligate part of the waste management and lead to the development of a sustainable environment. Organizations motivate the local institutes and force them to change the work action plans, share knowledge, and set plants of latest technology. Some key points of this roadmap are as follow;
By Fatima Jamil3 years ago in Earth
Solid Waste Management (1/2)
2.1-Introduction Despite of rapid growth, the urbanization continuously triggered the natural reserve of the planet. We are facing a lot of water, air and soil pollution. This has a direct and severe impact on the human health and creates problem for the future living. This leads to the ultimate goals of sustainable development. International organizations encourage the countries to take effective measures for sustainability development simply by the use of minimum natural resources, eliminating the toxic metals and development certain techniques to control waste pollution.
By Fatima Jamil3 years ago in Earth
Wastewater Treatment Practices in Pakistan (Part 4)
1-Wastewater treatment practices in Pakistan 1.1-Tertiary Treatment It is much difficult than primary and secondary process. We use different kinds of Physical and Chemical means before its discharge to natural resources. It is clean and we should use it for agricultural and irrigation system. It provides us the final treatment stage. More than one kind of tertiary method is used in treatment plants. It includes;
By Fatima Jamil3 years ago in Earth
