Mark Graham
Bio
I am a person who really likes to read and write and to share what I learned with all my education. My page will mainly be book reviews and critiques of old and new books that I have read and will read. There will also be other bits, too.
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Mania
Now for Mania for this side of it there are low levels of depression and it seems to help to regulate the 6-proteins modulate at levels at the post-synaptic level like the drug Prozac which is a SSRI and need more Serotonin. There is a genetic vulnerability and the 1990's in England a person for I am not sure if it was a scientist or psychologist found that chromosomes are what are the patterns for mood disorders such as Bi-Polar 1 with one or more episodes and it seems even with prior treatment with Lithium and having four episodes.
By Mark Graham3 years ago in FYI
Cognitive theories
Cognitive theories are dealing the theories by Aaron Beck there is a negative triad in a belief system that goes from the SELF to WORLD to the FUTURE and back and forth between these ideas. There is a problem in thinking. There is problematic thinking along emotional states of thinking. One interprets own experiences in a structured way and what causes a depressive or a manic episode. We can create negative schemas that setup for depression along with dysfunctional thoughts that affect your present experiences.
By Mark Graham3 years ago in FYI
Mood Disorders
Part two of Mood Disorders picks up with the sub-types of Major Depression. The first would be one known as 'Melancholia' which has features like a loss of interests and pleasures, has a distinct depressed mood more intense in the morning, weight loss, excessive guilt, lethargy, depression, maybe psychotic behaviors and delusions/false beliefs. There could also be hallucinations that give a false sense of perceptions and auditory hallucinations are more common. With Depression catatonic features along with behavioral disturbances.
By Mark Graham3 years ago in FYI
Mood Disorders
What are mood disorders? In learning about these disorders it is important to know that there are extremes in the major groups that fall on a continuum from Depression to Mania. These affect disorders have a 90% chance of diagnoses of Depression, Dysthymic disorder that shows in affect of irritability or elation. In Depression there a number of ways shown and it varies for what it said in the DSM IV along with emotional symptoms like sadness and just feeling unhappy. There is a disorder known as 'anahedonism' that is a loss of enjoyment and pleasure. The patients/clients that exhibit this kind of diagnosis exhibit an apathic sense to things and show a lack of motivation that could just be the feeling of irritability of whatever is going on in their lives. In working with children and adolescents with anxiety there is or may be feeling of worthlessness. The physiological signs and symptoms as well as the behavioral signs and symptoms varies. There are sleep disturbances as in too much or too little sleep or appetite problems, again too much or too little.
By Mark Graham3 years ago in Education
More on Phobias and Others
More on Phobias will continue with Specific phobias when a specific object or situation that is experienced creates a panic attack when coming in contact. These are usually irrational fears. These usually come in 'groupings' such as animals, natural environmental occurences that are situational. Examples of animals are from dogs, cats, snakes; floods, tornados, hurricanes and even cars, planes in going places. Other phobias include fear of blood and injections and other injuries that could happen if one would faint. There are others that are too many to figure out a reason why. There are also many psychodynamic reasons for phobias to numerous for this article to mention.
By Mark Graham3 years ago in Education
More on Anxiety disorders
As promised here is more on anxiety disorders starting with another theory one known as 'humanistic' this is one theory that states when children have developed a harsh set of standards to achieve and maintain to be acceptable to them and others. Another theory is known as 'extentialism' and anxiety is when there is an universal fear of limits and responsibilities of your existence. The 'cognitive' theory is when the conscious and the unconscious thoughts are focused on threats and are constantly thinking about it. The 'biological' theory is when the neurotransmitters (GABA) when a deficiency of GABA receptors/transmitters are excessively firing in the limbic system. The 'genetic' theory is that some are born to a biological vulnerability to have Generalized Anxiety.
By Mark Graham3 years ago in Education
Anxiety disorders
This next lesson article is what was presented in chapter five dealing with anxiety disorders and how to help clients and patients deal with what is going on with them. In dealing with these kinds of disorders it is all about adaptive fears versus maladaptive anxiety. What is meant by 'adaptive fear' this is when the persons concerns are realistic given the circumstances presented. 'Maladaptive fears' are unrealistic concerns and statistically will not happen and will not hurt too much and will survive. Adaptive fears will result form out of fear when normal fear subsides. Maladaptive fears when the level of threat gets out of proportion to a particular fear. The threat is eliminated but the fear continues and there will be and have an anticipatory fear about the future.
By Mark Graham3 years ago in Education
Assessment and Diagnosis
To continue with various questionnaires that one can use with various clients and patients. The next one on the list is the 'Children's Behavior Checklist' that has over 100 items for parents to rate their children. This is a personality inventory along with a few others that have tendencies to identify typical ways of responding behaviorally, cognitively, emotionally, show well-being. It also shows attitudes of the child. The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-III) is widely used and is empirically based for this test can detect lies (a lie scale) which is highly standardized and not flexible. There are also projective tests that have ambiguous stimuli and may have no specific meaning give. There is no set way of interpretation. The person thinks of something and current feelings will be revealed in what is seen. You will tap into the unconscious. There are the famous Rorshach tests (the famous inkblots) that have many interpretations on what is seen. There could be a part or a whole picture presented on the inkblot, but they are still standardized. Another teat is the 'Thematic Apperception Test' which is a series of ambiguous pictures that tell a story. The theme is what is seen in the story pictures. Still another test is the 'Sentence Completion Test' that is a series of open-ended sentences to be completed by the client/patient. The pros to this test is that it helps the clients to see clues to identify issues and concerns but still not directly revealed. The cons is that is has poor validity and reliability for clinicians' bias so some scores are so vulnerable.
By Mark Graham3 years ago in Education
Assessment and Diagnosis
There is a big book out there known as DSM-V, but at the time that I was studying Abnormal psychology it was still the DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders). So, what is assessment? This is the process of gathering information about symptoms that people are suffering, and this is the way gathering information is about many possible problems psychologically and psychiatrically.
By Mark Graham3 years ago in Education
Cognitive Restructuring
What is cognitive restructuring? This subject deals mainly with cognition and how it affects behavior with true changes. In family systems theories the family as a complete unit or as a system works to maintain a homestatis where members follow rules and the hierarchy that is implied or explicit in the rules that will also maintain balance. A change in any member will cause a disruption in relationships and the family.
By Mark Graham3 years ago in Education
