Cognitive theories

Cognitive theories are dealing the theories by Aaron Beck there is a negative triad in a belief system that goes from the SELF to WORLD to the FUTURE and back and forth between these ideas. There is a problem in thinking. There is problematic thinking along emotional states of thinking. One interprets own experiences in a structured way and what causes a depressive or a manic episode. We can create negative schemas that setup for depression along with dysfunctional thoughts that affect your present experiences.

1. There are overgeneralizations as in erosive thinking on global conclusions about worth and abilities based on one event or on one fact.

2. Selective abstractions focus on an insignificant event while ignoring important features.

3. Personalization is that they incorrectly take responsibility for the bad things that happen.

4. Magnetization or a miniazation or a exaggeration of factors being negative and positive.

5. Arbituary influences as in drawing conclusions and not looking for proper evidence to the conclusions.

6. Dicotomous thinking is when either or in thinking or thinking in extremes.

The next idea is about Attribution styles in working with cognition and depressive symptoms for our explanations of our life. There are different types, as in internal attribution that explain personal factors about us. Again, there is external attribution that are distracted in settings. There are also global attributions that are broader implications of one person towards everyone and overgeneralizations are made.

Specific attribution theories show accurate perceptions of isolation to one incident. These can be stable and fixed or unstable and changeable. The unstable things will get better. If depressed which is internal that is global that is effecting many things in one's life will become stable. There is also a pessimistic explanation style as well.

In a cultural analysis cognition increases but not in genetics and the contributions to depression along with cultural shifts along with world majority. For reasons of movement to a higher level of personal satisfaction and freedom or in another way the "ME" generation. Another way is movement from loyalty from one group then to self that shows increased depression, sense of isolation, an individualistic image. This could be related to an external locus of control and the mercy of fate cannot control things.

Behavioral theories according to Levenson's theory there are three different variables positive or negative. Enforcement or a reduction of positive reinforcers that increase of the aversive events. The number of events and activities that are potentially reinforcing to the person, number, intensity, and range are lower in depressive people. The availability of the reinforcements like visitors and social support with isolation present. Again, there is instrumental behavior of the person along with the number of social skills that they possess to the performance to receive reinforcers as a form of learned helplessness.

In working with the socio-cultural aspects the rates of symptoms that appear due to depressive thinking varies. In African-Americans this decreases the risk for them, but in European-Americans it increases. It seems that family and social support decreases that leads to individualism. The American Indians and the Southeast Asians also show an increased risk, and China exhibits bodily symptoms. The Latin and Mediterrean people exhibit symptoms of nerves and headaches.

There are also biological theories like Catacholine hypothesis that starts with the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and depression results of deficits in the neurotransmitters synapses. If there is too much catacholine mania occurs. The effects of these processes are reuptake at the presynaptic and post-synaptic areas of the synaptic cleft. There are also metabolic processes like MAO (monoamioxdase) where there are absolute levels of neurotransmitters. Looking at the sensitivity of the receptor sites at the post-synaptic neurons. We learn this through drug tests mainly dealing with Lithium levels that are drawn. This is the most used drug for Bi-Polar and the G-proteins that are related to an increased levels.

To be continued with more on Mood Disorders.

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