Zuechan

Joined January 2025

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Florence and the Renaissance
During this turmoil, the Florentine author Francesco Petrarca, known as Petrarch, expressed his critique of 14th-century life. He lamented the state of existence. “Living,” he wrote, “I despise what melancholy fate has brought us wretches in these evil years.” Oh, Petrarch, did you write about our time? People often feel they live in the worst era. Unhappy with Europe’s situation, he looked to ancient writers like Plato and Cicero. He considered them part of the Old Age. Petrarch named the time he lived in. He called it the "middle ages." His work helped usher in a New Age, which we now call the Renaissance. According to Leonardo Bruni, Francesco Petrarch was the first to recognize and revive the ancient elegance of a lost style. The Renaissance, meaning revival, looked back to the classical antiquity. This era was seen as a bright light that had been overshadowed by the dark Middle Ages. However, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance coexisted in some ways. While scholars were translating Plato's works and gathering knowledge from the Islamic world, the bubonic plague continued to kill. In Petrarch's hometown, people like the Ciompi were protesting against poor living conditions. This leads to an important question at Crash Course: Was the Renaissance a genuine movement? Was it merely a continuation of the medieval world? Or was it truly the significant change that Renaissance thinkers claimed it to be? Writers and thinkers of the Renaissance searched monasteries for ancient texts, some of which were inspired by Roman authors. Renaissance scholars focused on manuscript hunting. They sought works by Cicero, Tacitus, and Quintilian. This led to an interest in humanism. They became more concerned with worldly and human matters. The Renaissance was a revival. This new thought was based on learning from ancient ways, especially in the humanities. The three liberal arts—grammar, rhetoric, and logic—formed the basis for theology, philosophy, law, and medicine. The study of the humanities emphasized human speech, logic, and language use. They primarily focused on Latin. Writing and performing in Latin was essential for a well-educated life. Competence in these fields was important for personal development. It was also necessary for joining elite circles in Florence or Venice. For example, Lauro Quirini, a Venetian youth, studied the humanities at the University of Padua. He then worked in a Venetian enterprise in Crete as a commodities trader. He also worked as a translator and writer. He was often considered a true Renaissance Man. The Italian city-states were the center of the early Renaissance. In these thriving cities, artists, composers, writers, and scholars flourished, supported by the commerce of the time. Urban merchants and manufacturers created successful businesses. They brought in products and ideas from across Afroeurasia. Some families became extremely wealthy. This wealth allowed them to support Renaissance thinkers and artists through a system called patronage. I would like a wealthy patron like Lorenzo Medici. If you are out there, I am available. I am also interested in your ducats. You can visit patreon.com/crashcourse. Additionally, banking institutions emerged. Bankers financed civic events and built grand cathedrals. They also funded classical-style masterpieces, reflecting the design of the pre-Christian Roman Empire. Did the Globe open? Is there a neoclassical piggy bank at its center? Yes! Those white Renaissance statues were not just white. They were originally painted. Here are our best guesses about the actual colors of classical statues. They looked quite different from the neoclassical white piggy banks we often see today. The idea of unpainted marble or porcelain remains powerful. Even though we know ancient statues were painted, we still do not paint our neoclassical ones. Bankers financed artists like Botticelli and Michelangelo who needed funds for their works. City governments were also important patrons of the Renaissance. Individual leaders often spent up to six percent of their personal income on the arts. Why did they do this? Mainly, for the same reasons wealthy individuals support art and buildings today: status, recognition, and perhaps a love of beauty. Additionally, funding public art and cathedrals helped legitimize the wealth of these families. The Church could not condemn merchant wealth if it was used for churches, nor could the governments that relied on it. Throughout history, wealth supports institutions that legitimize that wealth. In these artworks, the paradoxes of the Renaissance are evident. Paganism is combined with Christianity, reflecting a longstanding tradition in Christian history. Profit-oriented bankers financed the Church. This Church was run by priests who had taken a vow of poverty. It was founded by a figure who, according to the gospels, overturned the tables of moneylenders in the temple. In these city-states, a more humanistic educational approach promoted economic growth. This growth fueled the creation of influential art and architecture. Many city-states participated in the humanist revival, but Florence was its main center. Artists of the time studied ancient styles and expanded upon them. Visual artists like Sandro Botticelli and Michelangelo focused on human dignity and realistic details. Botticelli’s portraits of Florentine citizens highlighted their unique features. His religious depictions included a realistic image of a plump infant Jesus reaching for his mother's garments. Additionally, Botticelli’s portrait of Dante accurately represented his long, thin, pointed nose instead of an idealized hero. Michelangelo’s “David” displayed human characteristics while adopting ancient sculptural styles. Throughout the Renaissance, anatomical accuracy thrived. This can be seen in Michelangelo’s sculptures and Leonardo da Vinci’s works. Both artists practiced dissection, which improved their understanding of the human form. Nature also played a crucial role in Renaissance art. In Botticelli's "Birth of Venus," the goddess is depicted from classical mythology while about to be clothed in flowers from the countryside. In summary, Renaissance artists focused on presenting realistically depicted human bodies in both natural and civic settings. Florence experienced prosperity and cultural revival. However, its history was also marked by various challenges. There were economic shocks and natural disasters. Class divisions and corporate rivalries were common. Political struggles and conflicts with the church also arose. These issues stemmed from threats of external invasion and internal tyranny. Discontent among the lower classes was prevalent. Like Venice, Florence valued its identity as a Republic. However, it differed from modern republics and was quite unstable. Elections were not held in a conventional way. Instead, names from Florence’s guilds were drawn from a large leather bag. If your name was drawn, you served on the Signoria, which governed the city. You didn’t have to worry if you weren’t excited about the job. New Signorias were chosen every two months. This made it seem like many people could participate in civic life. However, to be a member of a guild, a person needed to be male, debt-free, and well-connected. Additionally, the lotteries were often rigged. Wealthy families frequently won places on the Signoria. Frequent coups and countercoups occurred in the Republic. It often ceased to be republican and sometimes became quite monarchical. The situation resembled something out of Game of Thrones and had a Machiavellian touch. Niccolo Machiavelli lived in Florence during this turbulent time. We will discuss him more next week. For now, it is important to note that he experienced the rise and fall of the Medici family. The Medicis were a powerful family in Florence. However, they were not the only important family of the Renaissance. They made significant fortunes in banking and investing. They were also key patrons of artists. Michelangelo carved one of their tombs. Cosimo Medici and his grandson Lorenzo ruled Florence in the second half of the fifteenth century. Successive members of the family maintained their power by becoming popes in later centuries. Machiavelli argued that the Golden Age of the Florentine Renaissance ended with Lorenzo de Medici's death in 1492 and the invasion by the “barbarians.” In history, “barbarians” often means “not us.” The term originated from the belief that their language sounded like “bar bar bar bar bar.” These particular “barbarians” were French, which may have sounded like “bar.” I struggled with High School French. This brings us back to an important question: Did European life really shift from religious to secular during the Renaissance? Michelangelo sculpted David, but he also painted the Sistine Chapel's ceiling. Perspective is crucial when discussing this topic. In the 14th century, Florence, Venice, and Milan saw significant changes among merchants and intellectuals. However, the lives of average people, especially peasants, saw little change from humanist ideas in the short term. Still, ordinary people did experience a Renaissance in some ways. Ancient texts were translated into Italian and French, allowing those who couldn't read Latin to access works by authors like Cicero. Yet, most Italian peasants remained illiterate. Historians also discuss whether women had a Renaissance. Women, like Isabella d’Este, were patrons of the arts. Isabella sponsored music events and cherished Petrarch’s poems, commissioning music for them. She maintained connections with Leonardo da Vinci. However, Isabella d’Este and her sister Beatrice are often considered exceptions. Generally, men, as noted by writer Laura Cereta in the fifteenth century, undervalued women’s intellectual contributions. Cereta followed Petrarch's path, just as he followed Cicero's. She wrote a notable letter to a misogynist. In part, she stated, “I cannot tolerate your attack on my entire sex. I have just cause to demonstrate how great a reputation for learning and virtue women have earned. Their inborn excellence is apparent in every age through knowledge." The rise of Roman legal thinking led to the importance of the Pater Familias. This idea placed the father at the center of every family and in a position of power. The Renaissance brought significant changes to the intellectual and cultural life of Italian city-states. These developments would later spread to other communities. However, perspectives varied. To the Medicis, the Renaissance was a notable event. For many peasants, it had little impact. The Renaissance is remembered for a few reasons. It helps historians periodize history and frame their analyses. Additionally, Renaissance thinking influences our thoughts today. The ideas from that era still resonate with us. Today, many feel that our current age is filled with corruption and destruction. There is a desire to return to the purity of a past era of greatness. This mindset reflects Renaissance thinking. Sources: Hunt, Lynn et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martins, 2019. Donald R. Kelley, Renaissance Humanism. Boston: Twayne, 1991.
By Zuechan12 months ago in History
Medieval Europe
Medieval Europe has a terrible reputation. It is often associated with disease and famine, which was true. Children were said to marry at very young ages, like six, eight, or ten. However, this was not common. People did start marrying younger, partly because they died younger. Knights were thought to slaughter indiscriminately, but they followed a chivalric code, which was in decline at that time. It is also said that it was unsafe to drink water, so people drank beer instead. Today, we will focus on these so-called "Middle Ages." Regarding beer, people did drink beer and ale. These drinks were nutritious, and they are still considered so today. However, they also consumed other beverages, such as milk and water. In the 14th and 15th centuries, there were wells with safe and delicious drinking water. However, many negative events occurred during this time. The Black Death, the Great Schism in the Catholic Church, and the Hundred Years War were significant issues. Additionally, the Little Ice Age began in the 14th century. This led to cooler temperatures and declining harvests, which caused stunting and starvation. Let's focus on the Black Death. This massive pandemic was caused by the Bubonic Plague, which spread to Europe from Asia. Experts believe the plague originated in Tibet. It started as a localized epidemic but then spread due to rats, mice, and fleas. These animals traveled with humans, highlighting the growing interconnectedness of society. Bubonic plague is a terrible disease. It is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Infected individuals experience swollen lymph nodes that can burst. They also suffer from high fevers and may vomit blood. Gangrene can turn extremities and facial features black, leading to the term "the Black Death." Depending on the strain, 50 to 60 percent of infected individuals may die. Today, bubonic plague can be treated with antibiotics, which have only existed for a few decades. However, in the 20th century, outbreaks in India and China killed over 12 million people. The Black Death of the 14th century was even worse. By 1347, around 25 million people had died in Asia from the plague. When it reached Constantinople, it spread rapidly to Europe. Within four years, a large number of Europeans had died from it. Many succumbed to the disease within just two days of being infected. Families faced a tough choice: care for a sick loved one or risk their own health. In some areas, population loss reached up to 80 percent. Studies suggest that about half of Europe’s population perished. The toll of death was overwhelming. Imagine losing half of your community to an unknown illness in just a few years. Giovanni Boccaccio noted the tragic scenes: "Many died in the open street." Others passed away in their homes, their bodies decomposing and creating a terrible smell. Burial spaces ran out. Bodies were piled in mass graves, much like cargo in a ship. Now, after 650 years, how different life is. The bacterium that caused the Black Death is now available as a plush toy. They are cute and do not seem dangerous, but this is Yersinia pestis, turned into a stuffed animal. Amid this devastation, the Hundred Years War added more chaos. It was fought between England and France over control of parts of Europe. The conflict lasted at least 116 years, starting in 1337. One interesting question in history is whether war leads to instability or if instability leads to war. The answer may be both. Poor harvests and disease outbreaks can increase the likelihood of war. However, war can also worsen these conditions. During the Black Death, the Hundred Years War created instability in food supplies and cultural beliefs, such as The Code of Chivalry. Chivalry involved treating knightly opponents with respect on the battlefield. Knights would capture their opponents instead of killing them, holding them for ransom in good condition. This behavior distinguished knights from common archers and mercenaries. However, English kings began hiring mercenaries from Europe. These mercenaries often looted and plundered without following chivalric codes. Some knights for hire found fighting so profitable that they continued to raid even during truces. The Hundred Years War also brought innovations in warfare. Non-aristocratic soldiers from England and Wales used the longbow, known for its speed and accuracy. This weapon helped the English win at the Battle of Agincourt. Before this war, the French had innovated by using cannons on ships. The English later adapted these cannons for land battles. Both types of cannons relied on gunpowder. This was a Chinese invention. The Hundred Years War featured the rise and fall of Joan of Arc. She was born to a prosperous French peasant family in 1412. By the time she was sixteen, England had taken control of the French throne, as confirmed by the 1420 Treaty of Troyes. France appeared to have no strong leader. Joan had visions that guided her to lead the French forces. She aimed to drive out the English so Charles, the rightful heir, could be crowned. Remarkably, she succeeded. By 1429, Charles became Charles VII of France. However, the Burgundians captured Joan. They handed her over to the English, who executed her by burning in 1431. It was a tragic outcome, but there are no easy endings. Life in 14th and 15th century Europe was difficult. Murder and violence were likely more common than today. Dying in battle was a routine risk. Malnutrition and stunted growth were widespread. Child mortality was alarmingly high; about 50% of children did not reach the age of five. People sought solace in religion, but it was lacking in comfort for many. In 1300, Pope Boniface VIII was the leader of the Catholic Church. He was also a significant political figure in Europe. A key question of the time was whether the Church had authority over all Catholics or if kings held ultimate power in their realms. For example, did King Philip IV of France have the right to tax Catholic clergy? Pope Boniface believed he did not. He came from a powerful family. At the start of the 14th century, he asserted influence over the papacy. In 1302, he declared that the Pope had supreme authority over everyone. This was problematic because kings were also seeking more power. They wanted tax revenue from the Church to grow their administrations. In response, Boniface threatened to excommunicate Philip. In retaliation, Philip had the Pope kidnapped. Boniface was reportedly tortured while in captivity and died shortly after his release in 1303. By 1305, Philip arranged for the election of a French Pope who was installed at Avignon. This move made it seem as though the papacy was under French control and distant from its spiritual mission. In 1377, Pope Gregory XI decided to return to Rome, but he died soon after. The Cardinals elected an Italian pope, which caused the French Cardinals to regroup and elect a French pope to lead the papal court in Avignon. This resulted in two popes and the Great Schism. The Great Schism significantly harmed the Church's claims of spiritual leadership. It coincided with the Black Death, during which the clergy struggled to provide guidance. Priests, monks, and nuns faced the same fears of death as everyone else. Now, it was unclear which pope was the legitimate one or which church was the true Church. This disunity, along with stories of unspiritual indulgences, weakened the Church's authority. Spiritual direction came from common people, not just the powerful. For example, Catherine of Siena was an ordinary young woman with strong religious faith. She successfully urged Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome, although he later died. Before Catherine died in 1380 at age 33, she took on several diplomatic missions between the Church and Italian cities. She traveled widely, urging clergy to reform and strengthen their spiritual ministry. Eventually, a council was called to end the Great Schism, leading to the election of a single pope, Martin V, in 1417. Before that, a third pope was even elected for a while. In the late Middle Ages, your chances of becoming Pope were quite high. This period marked a decline in European Christendom's power. In 1453, the Ottomans captured the Byzantine Empire's capital. They were aided by a Hungarian munitions expert who understood cannons. The Byzantine Emperor thought this expert's fees were too expensive. The Ottomans already controlled parts of southeastern Europe, but taking the Byzantine capital was significant. They beheaded the Emperor, marking the final fall of the Roman Empire. Islam then replaced Christianity as the main religion in Constantinople, and the famous Cathedral became the Hagia Sophia mosque. Control of Constantinople was crucial for trade routes and other reasons, as it was one of Europe's better cities at the time. Meanwhile, the use of mercenaries weakened the feudal system. Loyalty was supposed to be owed to a lord, from knights to serfs bound to the land. The Black Death and ongoing warfare contributed to this change as well. There were significantly fewer humans. This led to a reduced workforce in agriculture. As a result, serfs could demand their freedom. Their labor became more valuable. Peasants rebelled against the nobility for better conditions. The Peasants Revolt of 1381 in England saw nobles murdered and castles sacked. In cities, urban artisans also sought higher pay and lower taxes. In 1378, The Ciompi in Florence protested against harsh debt prosecution and extra taxes. They marched, declaring, "Long live the little people." The push for rights for artisans and farm workers would take time. However, their rising power marked a significant change in Europe, coinciding with the decline of feudalism. Warfare evolved too. People no longer fought for ethics or divine glory. They fought for fame and careers, as noted by a French chronicler. A proverb summarized warfare: "Sometimes you win, sometimes you lose." Daily life included sayings like "There's nothing more certain than death," with someone adding "and taxes." Other proverbs reflected a zero-sum mentality: "The big fishes eat the smaller." "Men are good so long as it saves their skin." Amidst these views, new ideas emerged. This included the thoughts of The Ciompi, peasants, artists, philosophers, and architects. They contributed to Europe’s rebirth, known as the Renaissance. The Great Renaissance Cathedral of Florence was completed before the Hundred Years War ended. Next week, we will focus on Florence, the center of this revival.
By Zuechan12 months ago in History
Why You Couldn’t Survive a Day in the Dark Ages
Many people romanticize the Middle Ages. They envision armored knights, noble steeds, and beautiful ladies. They think of dragons, chivalry, and courtly love. However, this image is far from reality. For most people, the Middle Ages were dirty and dangerous. Life was difficult, and survival was unlikely. Imagine you suddenly found yourself in medieval England during the 14th century. You would quickly realize that communication would be a major barrier. Ordinary people spoke Middle English. The wealthy spoke French. The clergy used Church Latin. As a speaker of Modern English, you might catch a few words, but having a coherent conversation would be impossible. A woman's worth in medieval times was tied to her support of biblical texts. Women were often viewed as morally weak, leading to oppression and subservience. St. Paul's writings emphasized men's authority over women. Women were expected to remain silent in church and submit to their husbands. Peasant women had specific roles. They handled household chores, spinning, brewing, cooking, weaving, and caring for children and livestock. They also shared farm and fieldwork with men. Most women were expected to marry or become nuns. For many, marriage meant pregnancy and childbirth. There was no modern pain relief or sterile hospital setting. Complications during childbirth could be fatal for both mother and child. Wealth and status did not guarantee a safe delivery. Cesarean sections were only performed if the mother was dying or already dead, as noted in the 1420s. In medieval times, childbirth was extremely dangerous. One in five women died during labor. This led many women to write a last will before giving birth. Such a practice overshadowed what should have been a joyous occasion. Child mortality rates were also high. Many babies did not survive past their fifth birthday. In medieval England, one-third of children died before that age. Dangers began in the womb. Women often consumed large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy without any awareness of the risks. The loss of a child is a profound tragedy. In medieval Europe, the mortality rate for children under age seven ranged from 20 to 30%. Many children died from birth complications, accidents, or diseases such as whooping cough, measles, and influenza. Grieving parents were not alone in their suffering; this was a widespread issue. In medieval Japan, 48% of children died before reaching adulthood. Most people in the Middle Ages were serfs, making up 85% of the population. Being a serf meant you were tied to the land and your lord. You had to grow food for your family and also pay taxes to your lord. Leaving the land or getting married required permission. Life was very difficult. Weather could make or break a harvest. Too much rain or drought could lead to crop failure and starvation. Malnutrition weakened the immune system, leading to diseases like dysentery, typhus, and smallpox. When food was available, it mainly consisted of coarse bread and thin stews called pottage. While wild game like rabbit and deer was plentiful, it was reserved for the nobility. Poaching was met with severe punishment. Clothing was uncomfortable, made from itchy wool. Most homes were small, often just one or two rooms. They lacked chimneys and had few windows, making them dark and smoky. Living conditions were unsanitary, often shared with animals. Winters were especially harsh without central heating or running water. It's no wonder that life expectancy was low in medieval times. In the 140 years between 1330 and 1470, women had an average lifespan of 33 years. The justice system in medieval times was quite different from today. The Church controlled many aspects of life, including clothing and food. If you were a crime victim, there were no police to help you. You had to scream for help and hope someone would respond. For serious crimes, the punishment was death. This included offenses like murder, treason, forgery, and robbery. If you stole something worth over 12 pence, you faced hanging. Trial by ordeal was also used, where guilt or innocence was determined through painful experiences. If you were innocent, it was believed that God would save you. Minor crimes like gambling or using abusive language were harshly punished. Penalties included public humiliation or imprisonment. Many died in prison due to poor conditions and lack of food. Most crime was linked to poverty and theft. During the Middle Ages, over 370 wars occurred, the last ending in 1504. Many were fought over thrones or noble reasons like the Crusades. Common people often paid the highest price. Under the feudal system, peasants had to serve their lords in war. They fought for short periods to maintain farming. The military was often disorganized, leading to many casualties. Around 30% of noblemen died in skirmishes, while the death toll for commoners was rarely recorded. Estimates suggest millions died during conflicts like the First Crusade and the Hundred Years' War. If you were wealthy, your diet was better than that of peasants. You would enjoy meats, desserts, and fine wine. However, your dishware might be hazardous. Many glazed plates contained lead oxide, which could poison food. Lead exposure caused serious health issues, especially for children. Bread was a staple food, often made from rye. This grain could become infected with a fungus called claviceps purpurea, causing St. Anthony’s fire. This resulted in many outbreaks of illness during the Middle Ages. Symptoms included muscle cramps, hallucinations, and gangrene. Some historians link ergot poisoning to dancing epidemics, where groups of people danced until they collapsed.
By Zuechan12 months ago in History
The middle ages
The Middle Ages spanned from the fall of Rome to the start of the Renaissance. It was a time of significant social change. This period saw international warfare, national rebellion, and devastating diseases. There were also instances of brutal cruelty. Here are some highlights, or lowlights, depending on your perspective, from this 1,000-year era. Welcome to Medieval Madness 455. This period follows the fall of Rome. In 410, Rome was sacked by Alaric, the King of the Visigoths. About 45 years later, the Vandals, led by Genseric, also attacked. These events marked the decline of the Roman Empire. In 480, the violent murder of Nepos, the last Roman emperor, marked the beginning of the Middle Ages for many historians. With no single government to unify Europe, the Catholic Church became the most powerful institution during this time. In 481, the Franks began to rise. Clovis was the first king of the Franks. He successfully united the Frankish tribes under one ruler and began the Merovingian age. This period would dominate what is now known as France for about 200 years. In 496, Clovis converted to Christianity. The Franks defeated the Visigoths in the Battle of Vouillé in the spring of 507. Justinian the First became the Eastern Roman emperor in 527. He started restoring the Empire soon after. Two years later, he published a code of civil law. This code is known as the Code of Justinian. It still serves as the basis of civil law in many countries today. His reign marked a development in Byzantine culture. Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570. He is considered the last of the sent prophets. His revelations from God are recorded in the Quran. The Quran is the central religious text of Islam and the holy book for Muslims. In 597, Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was a Christian monk from Rome and regarded as the Apostle to the English. Pope Gregory the Great created him Archbishop. Augustine was sent to England to spread Christianity. He successfully converted King Aethelbert of Kent. Augustine became a founding figure in the Church of England. The Viking Age began in 793. Raiders sacked the Church of St. Cuthbert at Lindisfarne, off the English coast. This church is regarded as the birthplace of Christianity in Britain. The assault shocked all of Europe. The Viking Age lasted for 200 years. Scandinavian warriors pillaged and plundered, killing thousands in Europe. Some Vikings settled in northwest France and became known as the Normans. In 800, Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans by the Pope. This was the first such coronation in 300 years. He had already conquered a large part of the West and allied closely with the Catholic Church. This helped him consolidate both religious and political power. He is often referred to as the father of Europe. In 886, Alfred the Great became the first king of a united England. He achieved this after driving the Danes out of London. In 961, Otto the Great made his mark as Holy Roman Emperor. He continued to unite the German tribes and asserted control over the church. Otto strengthened his authority by expanding his powers. He was known as a great military commander and conquered the Kingdom of Italy. The first novel, the Japanese epic "The Tale of Genji," was written by the noblewoman and poet Murasaki Shikibu. In 1066, William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, conquered England. He defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings. This ended Anglo-Saxon rule and started the Norman lineage. This event is seen as the most important in medieval England. It transformed society and politics, affecting English culture and language. In 1088, the oldest European center for education was formed in Bologna, Italy. It was established by a guild of students. Bologna was also the first university to employ a woman as a lecturer in 1239. That woman, Balata Gadini, studied there but was reportedly asked to wear a veil so she would not distract her students. In 1095, the First Crusade began. Pope Urban sought support to capture the Holy Land from Muslims. They had taken parts of the Byzantine Empire. The First Crusade ended in victory for Europeans. However, it triggered more conflicts that lasted until the late 15th century. Thousands of Muslims and Christians died in these religious wars over Jerusalem and its surroundings. The Knights Templar was formed to protect Christian pilgrims visiting the Holy Land. They were known for their white mantles adorned with a red cross. The order quickly gained power and wealth by establishing an early form of banking. King Philip I of France dismantled the Knights Templar in 1312. Many members were accused of heresy and executed. In 1206, Genghis Khan became the ruler of the Mongols. Under his leadership, the Mongol Empire expanded across much of Eurasia. This made it the largest empire in history. In 1215, King John of England signed the Magna Carta at Runnymede. A group of rebel barons forced him to sign it. This document stated that the king was not above the law. It granted more power to the nobility and laid the groundwork for democracy. In 1271, Marco Polo, at 17 years old, began his journey to Asia. He spent 24 years exploring before returning to Venice. He published a book about his travels. In it, he documented his adventures in countries like India, Persia, Japan, and China. In 1273, Count Rudolph of the House of Habsburg became the first king of Germany from the Habsburg dynasty to be made Holy Roman Emperor. The family grew to be one of Europe's most significant, producing kings in Croatia, Spain, Portugal, and Hungary. Their desire to consolidate power led to inbreeding, resulting in physical impairments and facial deformities, such as the Habsburg jaw. In 1296, Edward I of England invaded Scotland. This marked the beginning of the First Scottish War of Independence, leading to the Battle of Stirling Bridge a year later. William Wallace emerged as a leader of the resistance and was named guardian of Scotland. He was later captured and executed in London in 1305. Robert the Bruce was crowned King of the Scots in 1306. The First War of Scottish Independence ended in victory after the Battle of Bannockburn, followed by a treaty that recognized Scotland's independence. In 1299, Osman I founded the Ottoman Emirate. This would eventually become the most enduring Islamic empire, lasting over 600 years. The Hundred Years' War began in 1337. It involved intermittent hostilities between England and France, lasting over 116 years. The war included around 62 major battles and sieges, such as the battles of Poitiers and Agincourt. It ended in 1453, with England losing most of its French territories, retaining only Calais in the north. In 1347, the Black Death arrived in Europe. The Bubonic plague killed an estimated 20% to 40% of the population in its first year. The disease spread quickly, especially in crowded areas. Over four years, it killed around 35 million people, making it one of history's worst disasters. The Ming dynasty began in 1368 when rebels overthrew the ruling Mongols. The Ming dynasty was the last native ruling house in China and lasted for about 28 years. In 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer began working on The Canterbury Tales, a manuscript about storytelling pilgrims. This work became a foundation for the development of the modern English language. The Battle of Agincourt occurred in 1415, marking a turning point in the Hundred Years' War. The French army suffered a significant defeat against King Henry VI of England and his small force. As a result, Henry was declared heir to the French throne. In 1428, the Aztec Empire expanded under King Itzcali. The Aztecs had a highly intellectual society and a caste system similar to feudal Europe. This empire lasted for 90 years before falling to the Spaniards in the early 16th century. In 1431, Joan of Arc was executed for witchcraft. She played a crucial role in the Hundred Years' War on behalf of the French. Her actions helped lift the siege of Orléans, enabling King Charles II to be crowned. In 1434, the Medici family rose to power in Florence, a prosperous trading center. The House of Medici produced four Catholic popes and two queens. Their bank, founded in 1397, became one of Europe’s wealthiest institutions. They were significant patrons of the arts and sciences, funding developments in opera and piano while sponsoring artists like Da Vinci and Michelangelo. In 1439, Johannes Gutenberg invented a movable type printing press in Germany. His Bible was the first major book printed in Europe and significantly influenced the Renaissance. Gutenberg is considered one of history's most influential figures. In 1441, Prince Henry of Portugal, known as the Navigator, became a key figure in the Age of Discovery. He was presented with African slaves, marking the beginning of the African slave trade. Lagos became the first point of entry for slaves into Europe. In 1453, Constantinople fell after a 53-day siege. The 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II, known as the Conqueror, captured the city. He made it the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. This event marked the end of the Byzantine Empire. Many historians view it as the end of the medieval period. In 1455, the Wars of the Roses began. These civil wars lasted for 32 years. They were fought between two branches of the Royal House of Plantagenet: York and Lancaster. The Battle of St Albans is considered the start of the hostilities. Richard of York captured King Henry VI during this battle. In 1492, Spain was unified under two powerful monarchs: Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. They expelled all the Jews from Spain and launched a military campaign against the Moors. They also drove out all the Muslims. Together, they became known as the Catholic Monarchs. That same year, they sponsored Christopher Columbus. He went on a naval expedition to find a western route to China. Columbus reached an island in the Bahamas in October 1492.
By Zuechan12 months ago in History
Scary historical events. Content Warning.
The story of President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination is a well-known chapter in American history. On the night of April 14, 1865, Lincoln attended a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. He was accompanied by his wife, Mary, and friends Henry Rathbone and Clara Harris. They were celebrating the Union's victory in the Civil War. While seated in a private box, John Wilkes Booth entered and shot Lincoln in the head at point-blank range.
By Zuechan12 months ago in History
Life in medieval castels
Movies and TV portray castle life as lavish, especially for nobles. However, it wasn't all feasts and celebrations. Castles were dark, damp, and smelly. They were filled with vermin and disease. Today, we will examine what life was truly like in a medieval castle. If you were part of the ruling class, you enjoyed rich wine and the occasional hot bath. Most people, however, found little comfort apart from attending church or punishing enemies. In medieval Europe, plumbing was nonexistent. This meant no running water and no flushing toilets. Waste accumulated in cesspools, making every castle resemble a giant porta potty. Imagine that on a hot summer day. It’s easy to see why the characters in shows like Game of Thrones were often angry. The lack of running water also meant no baths, except for the very wealthy. Servants often smelled unpleasant due to this. They could not afford medicine like the nobles could, leaving many castle dwellers ill and reliant on home remedies or prayer. Privacy in castles was rare, especially for those without ownership. When one needed to use the bathroom, they did so on a bench with holes, all in plain sight of onlookers. There was no flushing, so waste fell into a deep pit below. Losing something, like wagon keys, would be disastrous. Living in a castle was cramped. Many servants were needed for daily operations, alongside multiple generations of the ruling family and their attendants. It was akin to a small, crowded city focused on serving a single family. Castles had dungeons for punishing criminals or political foes. However, Disney films often omit the frequent torture of these prisoners. One cruel method involved letting rats eat victims alive. This was believed to purify sins, adding a dreadful meaning to “for your own good.” Rats were a constant issue in castles. They thrived in dark, damp spaces. People accepted their presence as part of life, like a common nuisance. Many were actually afraid of them, especially since they were often associated with disease and torture. Life in a castle often called for alcohol to cope with the unpleasant surroundings. The wealthy enjoyed fine wines and spirits, while servants drank whatever was available. Safe drinking water was scarce, making alcohol a safer choice. Servants had to wake up at sunrise to complete their work. Castles were dark, even during the day. Sunlight was precious for completing tasks. Most people in society, unless wealthy, had to work early to earn a living. Bathing was a desire for many, but access to clean water was limited for the lower class. The bathing setup was rudimentary; a large tub could be moved around for use. Privacy and hygiene were lacking, but it was better than nothing. Castles were primarily built for defense, made with cold stone and little insulation. Servants often slept in dark, cold quarters, increasing the risk of illness. Life in a castle included constant activity, whether it was celebrating holidays or hosting guests. Cooks spent entire days preparing feasts while receiving only meager meals themselves. Lords and ladies feasted at a long table, seated by rank. The servants remained out of sight at the far end. While the upper class enjoyed gourmet meals, servants made do with simple stew or pie. Most peasants never entered the castle, working the land to sustain their families. The ruling class had to govern their lands, making decisions and negotiating politically while relying on their vast staff of servants. Cleaning was a constant struggle; rushes and herbs were spread across floors to mask unpleasant odors. Replacing them often revealed layers of filth. Walking through a castle meant stepping over hidden messes. Cooking relied on open flames, which posed risks in wooden kitchens. Fires were a common hazard. It was only later that stone was used for construction, making kitchens safer. Every castle had a chapel for morning mass. Along with the great hall, it served as a central feature. In elaborate castles, chapels had two stories, with nobles sitting above servants, literally looking down on them. Overall, life in a castle during the Middle Ages was tough. Even those at the top experienced significant discomfort. What do you think about castle life?
By Zuechanabout a year ago in History
21 geography facts
Start writing... Geography includes many subtopics, such as human, physical, and political geography. Currently, there are 193 UN member countries and two observer states. Together, they account for over 8.1 billion people. In this video, we will present 100 interesting geography facts about cities, countries, and people worldwide. This means we will share one fact for every 81 million people, approximately the combined population of South Africa and Romania. Let’s start with fact number one: The population of the world's islands is about 730 million, which is around 9% of the global total. Java is the most populated island, while Honshu in Japan is second with 102 million people. Fact number two:
By Zuechanabout a year ago in Earth
The worst disasters in history
Start writing...Today, we will discuss two similar disasters that had very different outcomes. The difference was a single person's involvement. In the second story, despite doing everything right, the people could not have known about the horrific event waiting for them. This incident was significant. It led to changes in procedures that are still followed hundreds of years later. Viewer discretion is advised. The HMS Tribune was built in 1793. By the time it joined the British Royal Navy in September 1797, it had a rich history. The French constructed the Tribune, and it served in their fleet during the French Revolutionary Wars. In June 1796, the ship was one of several warships navigating the Irish Isles of Scilly. On June 8, British ships spotted the flotilla and began to chase the French. The Tribune tried to escape but was overtaken after a 10-hour chase. British ships fired upon it, destroying much of its mass. This forced the Tribune to surrender, and it was captured. Two days later, a crew boarded the ship and sailed it to Portsmouth for repairs. By April 29, 1797, the Tribune was operational as a British ship. Later that year, it was assigned to escort supply ships to Quebec and Newfoundland. Captain Scory Barker commanded the mission. They departed from Torquay on September 22, 1797. However, about twelve days out from Halifax, the Tribune began to lag behind and lost sight of the convoy. Captain Barker continued toward Halifax, hoping to catch up. On November 16, they reached Halifax Harbour but faced challenges in docking. A knowledgeable pilot was needed to navigate the tricky entrance. Captain Barker ordered the ship to anchor for a pilot, but the ship's master, John Clegg, insisted he could pilot the ship himself. Clegg cited his previous experience and familiarity with the harbour. He also mentioned the favorable winds and the assistance of another officer, John Cosey. Despite his better judgment, Captain Barker allowed Clegg to take over. He went below deck to gather paperwork. As Clegg took the wheel, the situation deteriorated. The ship approached McNabs Island and Thrumcap Shoals. Clegg realized he needed help and called Mr. Galvin, the master's mate, to assist. Despite being ill, Galvin rushed to the deck and noticed the crew's frantic attempts to steer the ship away from the rocks. However, the Tribune was too close, and a collision was unavoidable. The Tribune struck Thrumcap Shoals, tearing a hole in the hull. Captain Barker rushed to the deck, shouting that they had lost the ship. He ordered distress signals to be flown, which military posts spotted quickly. Below deck, the ship filled with water. To slow the sinking, Barker ordered heavy cargo and equipment tossed overboard. Military vessels rushed to coordinate a rescue, but worsening weather forced many to turn back. The Tribune spent nine hours trapped on the rocks. Eventually, it broke free but was then pushed ashore by a strong gale. The second impact crushed the rudder and disabled the ship. Unlike the first strike, this one did not hold the ship in place. Passengers could not escape, and Captain Barker did not order an abandon ship. At that time, such an order was considered shameful in the Royal Navy. Scory feared it would end his career and this decision had disastrous consequences. The ship drifted close to the shore, but the rough seas prevented swimming or rescue. While two lieutenants defied orders and made it to safety, the remaining 287 passengers stayed aboard. Around 10:30 PM, the Tribune succumbed to the flooding and sank in the North Atlantic, tilting to one side. Some rigging remained above water, allowing about 100 survivors to cling on. Tragically, many were washed away by the waves. Locals attempted rescues, lighting bonfires to guide survivors in, but the ocean was too powerful that night. When morning came, only eight survivors remained clinging to the rigging. Around 11 AM on November 24, a 13-year-old boy named Joe rowed out to the wreck. He rescued four exhausted men before returning to shore. Others were saved later, but only 193 of the estimated 630 aboard survived. The death toll ranged from 236 to 275, including the captain and crew. The HMS Tribune sinking remains the worst maritime disaster in Halifax Harbour history. In the early 1840s, the British Royal Navy began constructing the HMS Vulcan. It was one of the first iron-hulled ships. Initially designed as a frigate, its purpose changed as shipbuilding shifted from sail to steam. By 1845, the navy found propeller-driven ships were more efficient than paddlewheels. The Vulcan was repurposed as a troop
By Zuechanabout a year ago in History
536 AD: the worst year in history
Start writing...Around 1,500 years ago, a significant climate event caused widespread fear. The sun dimmed, and rain that looked like blood fell from the sky. Fine dust clouds enveloped the Earth. For two years, winter gripped the land. This led to drought, famine, and plague. Death swept through, wiping out entire cities. Millions were affected, yet no one understood what was happening. This mid-6th century catastrophe is a crucial moment in history. It laid the groundwork for the world we live in today. David Keys, a writer, spent five years investigating this global event from his suburban home. He consulted over 80 experts on various topics, such as droughts and ancient wars. Keys explored historical records from the 6th and 7th centuries worldwide. His book reveals the story of a climatic disaster buried in the Dark Ages. He believes this event changed the course of history. The mystery captured Keys' attention during a 1994 archaeology conference. Dendrochronologist Mike Bailey gave a lecture about unusual tree ring patterns from the mid-6th century. Bailey recognized trees as silent witnesses to weather changes over thousands of years. Each year, trees form new growth layers, evidenced by rings. Wider rings indicate good years, while narrow rings indicate bad years. Bailey's invention allows scientists to match ring patterns with known dates. Various laboratories in northern Europe have analyzed tree rings, creating a long-term weather record. This meticulous work involves comparing patterns from older trees and historic buildings to compile a complete record of ring widths over time. After 14 years, Bailey documented an extensive record for Irish oaks, allowing scientists to study weather trends for the past 7,500 years. David Keys traveled to Ireland to see the 6th-century event documented in Bailey's tree rings. Ten years earlier, Bailey found that oak rings narrowed unusually in the mid-6th century. This pattern indicated something significant obstructed tree growth. He discovered evidence across Europe, including Finland, indicating a drop in tree growth around 536. There was a brief recovery in 537 and 538, but growth dropped dramatically again by 542. Overall, a clear pattern emerged from this research. The climatic catastrophe of the mid-6th century extended beyond Ireland and Finland. Keys reached out to various labs worldwide and found evidence everywhere. In California, tree rings from the Sierra Nevada mountains showed that 535, 536, and 541 were among the worst years in two millennia. Trees in Chile displayed the largest summer growth drop in 1,600 years. Siberia experienced a 20-year decline in tree growth, the most severe in 1,900 years. The reasons behind the reduced tree growth remained unclear. Possible explanations included darkness, cold, natural pollution, or drought. Bailey examined oak ring cells from 536 AD and found summer cells typically seen in winter. A colleague in Germany showed him oak trees with abnormal growth patterns. In 536, vessel rings were small and scattered throughout the summer, suggesting frost damage. The worldwide evidence indicated extremely cold weather. Bailey also found archaeological evidence in Ireland supporting this theory. He dated wood from crannogs, wooden island forts built during hostile times, back to the mid-6th century, likely due to climate issues. Overall, about a decade of bad conditions seemed to start around 536 and last until the mid-540s. Evidence suggested cold temperatures reduced sunlight and caused crop failures. Populations relied heavily on non-agricultural food sources, such as fishing and hunting, leading to struggles. Keys sought out any written accounts from that period. Meanwhile, the Roman Empire flourished in the 6th century. After being sacked a century earlier, it had a new capital in Constantinople and regained cultural prominence. Keys contacted classical scholars and found significant Roman accounts detailing unusual weather. John of Ephesus, a bishop, reported a darkened sun lasting 18 months, shining only four hours a day. Another historical account from Italy mentioned a summer without heat and adverse weather conditions. Keys also researched sources from China, Korea, and Japan, finding records linking directly to the darkened sun event. In 540, a Japanese king remarked on the importance of food for survival during this time. An ancient Chinese chronicle noted yellow dust falling like snow. Keys recognized that this climatic disaster impacted many civilizations. Research continued, narrowing potential causes to three possibilities: an asteroid, a comet, or a volcanic eruption. Scientists studied the atmospheric effects of cosmic collisions, concluding large impacts could cause climate change. Keys consulted an astrophysicist to determine the necessary size for an impact. For a lasting climate catastrophe, a substantial asteroid or comet impact would be needed. A 4 km asteroid or a 6 km comet could create the desired effects, but no civilization recorded such an event during the 6th century. A search for a corresponding crater found none.
By Zuechanabout a year ago in History
The most epic deaths through history
Start writing...Today, we will discuss some of the most notable deaths in human history. Our first story features Ben K, a unique warrior monk from 12th century Japan. On a dark night in Kyoto, he wanders the streets with a naginata, a weapon that resembles a sword and long spear. Unlike other monks, Ben K is not in search of enlightenment; he is on a hunt. He seeks to challenge himself by defeating 1,000 samurai. At that point, he has already conquered 999. One night, he hears a flute near Gojo Tenjin Shrine. He discovers a small samurai with a beautiful katana. Ben K sees this as the perfect final addition to his collection and challenges the samurai to a duel. The samurai accepts, and they fight at Gojo Bridge. Despite his size advantage, Ben K is swiftly defeated. The samurai lets him live but walks away. Enraged, Ben K decides to seek revenge. He spots the samurai again and challenges him to another duel but loses once more. In defeat, he offers to abandon his life as a monk and follow the samurai, who is Minamoto no Yoshitsune. The two become inseparable companions. They join Yoshitsune's brothers to fight against the tyrannical Taira clan. After five years, they emerge victorious, with Yoshitsune's brother becoming Shogun. However, peace leads to jealousy and suspicion among the brothers, forcing Yoshitsune and Ben K to go on the run. They find refuge with the Fujiwara clan but are eventually betrayed. On June 15, 1189, at the Battle of Koromua, they are surrounded and outnumbered. Despite the odds, Ben K fights bravely, cutting down enemies much shorter than him. As he stands against the Fujiwara army on the bridge, he takes countless arrows but remains defiant. In his final stand, Ben K positions himself to seem alive, buying time for Yoshitsune to commit seppuku and maintain his honor. His sacrifice is remembered as an act of true loyalty and bravery. Now we move to our second story about Admiral Yi Sun-sin in 16th century Korea. At this time, Korea was a tributary to China. It experienced a period of relative peace, while Japan was embroiled in civil war. However, in 1592, the Japanese began to invade. Korea's military was weak, largely due to corruption. The invasion started with the Japanese landing in Busan, causing panic among the Korean leaders. As a result, many soldiers defected or sank their ships to avoid battle. However, Admiral Yi refused to yield. He had superior ships called Panokseon, designed for naval combat. At the helm of a small fleet, Yi decisively engaged the Japanese navy and won multiple battles. He sank over 200 Japanese ships without losing any of his own. As the war dragged on, Yi faced jealousy and betrayal from within his ranks. After being imprisoned on false charges, he was reinstated to save the beleaguered Korean navy. Outnumbered, he displayed remarkable strategy and courage, defeating Japanese forces 25 to 1. Sadly, during a final assault, he was mortally wounded but instructed his body to be kept hidden so that his men could continue fighting. Admiral Yi Sun-sin died as a hero, leaving a legacy of victory. Finally, we have the story of Ben L. Salomon, a World War II field medic. Drafted in 1940, he served as a dental officer but quickly proved himself as a capable soldier. In June 1944, the 105th Infantry Regiment was sent to fight in Saipan. When the battalion surgeon was wounded, Salomon took his place. After heavy fighting, the remaining Japanese forces planned a final charge on July 7, 1944. Salomon's medical tent filled with injured soldiers, and he worked tirelessly to care for them. When Japanese troops broke through, he boldly defended his position, taking out several enemy soldiers. As things escalated, he ordered his medics to evacuate while he stayed behind to provide cover. Salomon fought valiantly at a machine gun position until he was eventually overrun. His body was discovered days later alongside 98 dead Japanese soldiers. Despite his heroism, he was not awarded the Medal of Honor due to a Geneva Convention rule forbidding medical personnel from engaging in combat. This oversight was eventually corrected, and in 2002, he was recognized posthumously. These stories highlight the sacrifices made by individuals who fought bravely for their beliefs and their people.
By Zuechanabout a year ago in History
Is fluoride supposed to be in our water?
Start writing...I drink New York City tap water. Each liter contains 8 mg of fluoride. Fluoride is important for oral health. It helps protect against cavities. That’s why it is in many toothpastes and mouthwashes. Around 63% of Americans also have fluoride in their drinking water. Recently, a person with controversial public health views may lead a top public health agency. This individual believes we should remove fluoride from public water systems. The addition of fluoride has spurred conspiracy theories. However, scientific research is still evolving, and new findings have emerged that question the necessity of fluoride in water. Fluoride supports dental health by remineralizing tooth enamel. It forms a barrier against the acids produced by bacteria in our mouths. When consumed, about half of the fluoride remains in the body. Some binds to bones, while some is transferred to teeth via saliva. Fluoride is naturally found in soil and air. Some regions have high levels of naturally occurring fluoride in their water. Nearly 100 years ago, dentists discovered that high fluoride levels could stain children's teeth but also prevent tooth decay. In 1945, Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Newberg, New York, began artificial fluoridation. Researchers monitored about 30,000 children over 15 years and found tooth decay rates fell by over 60%. Other communities followed suit. Fluoride was later added to toothpaste, which works topically. The goal of fluoridation is to guarantee everyone has fluoride protection, regardless of their dental care access. To assess the effectiveness of fluoride in our water, we can look at communities that have stopped adding it. Supporters highlight studies from Calgary, Canada. After ceasing fluoridation in 2011, child dental decay rates increased sharply. A 2024 review of 21 studies determined that fluoridation might only slightly reduce tooth decay today. Prior to 1975, fluoridation had a clear impact on cavity prevention. However, widespread access to fluoride in toothpaste has changed the situation. Today, experts are reevaluating how much fluoride is safe. Fluoride is commonly added to water as fluosilicic acid. The World Health Organization suggests a maximum of 1.5 mg per liter. That is roughly equivalent to 1 gallon of fluoride in an Olympic swimming pool. The CDC recommends 0.7 mg per liter, which is about half that amount. Local governments set their own fluoride levels, typically around this figure, such as in New York City water. The CDC's recommendation aims to balance cavity protection with limiting dental fluorosis, which is mostly benign teeth staining. However, current research is also focusing on fluoride’s potential impact on developing brains, especially during pregnancy and early childhood. Early studies, mostly from China, indicated a concerning link between high fluoride levels and lower IQ. In reviewing 74 studies, a recent U.S. analysis found a small number of high-quality studies linked lower IQ with fluoride levels below 1.5 mg per liter. However, the small number of studies limited definitive conclusions about U.S. fluoridation levels. Bruce Lamere from Simon Fraser University explained that the new meta-analysis sought to clarify existing data on fluoride and IQ. The findings suggested that urinary fluoride levels below 1.5 mg per liter could correlate with a loss of roughly 1.6 IQ points per milligram of fluoride consumed. Fluoride exposure also comes from other sources. Black and green teas, certain foods, and even swallowed toothpaste contribute to fluoride intake. Additionally, about 3 million Americans use groundwater that may have naturally high fluoride levels. Experts are especially worried about infants consuming formula mixed with fluoridated water. Many infants are exposed to fluoride levels above recommended limits. In summary, topical fluoride is important for dental health. For non-pregnant adults, ingesting fluoride seems safe. But there is some evidence for pregnant women, babies, and young children to monitor their fluoride consumption. Pregnant individuals may be advised to drink bottled water if their tap water is fluoridated. The safety of continuing water fluoridation is still under debate, causing confusion regarding its risks and benefits. I support the precautionary principle. This principle advises action in the face of concerning evidence, not in its absence. Based on current literature, there are valid reasons for concern regarding fluoride safety.
By Zuechanabout a year ago in FYI
The billionaires who owns your water. AI-Generated.
Forty million Californians are facing severe drought. Meanwhile, a billionaire couple owns a significant portion of the state's water system. This ownership was established through secret meetings two decades ago. Taxpayers largely funded this system, yet the billionaires now control it. Urban water systems are struggling. In 2023, they will only receive five percent of the water they requested from the state. The couple, the Resnicks, are the largest farmers in California. By 2007, they owned farmland equivalent to four San Francisco cities. Nearly half of Americans purchase at least one of their products. This includes pistachios, pomegranate juice, mandarins, and flowers. All these products fall under their company, the Wonderful Company. It is a privately owned entity worth at least five billion dollars. The Resnicks themselves have a net worth of at least eight billion. Their substantial control over water raises questions. How did they acquire such a large share of this public resource? Linda Resnick is a former child actress. Her father, Jack Harris, was a successful movie distributor known for "The Blob." At nineteen, she founded her own advertising agency. Stewart Resnick came from a middle-class family in New Jersey. He started a janitorial business in grad school and later acquired a security company. Linda offered him marketing services, and they formed a partnership. They expanded into different businesses and acquired Teleflora and Franklin Mint. In the late 1980s, they entered the agriculture industry. They started with pistachios and expanded into almonds, pomegranates, citrus, and wine. They purchased land in Kern County, which provided crucial water rights. As the Resnicks grew their empire, California built new water infrastructure using taxpayer money. California experiences inconsistent rainfall, leading to droughts and surpluses. To manage this, the state built water banks to store excess water. One such facility is the Kern Water Bank, established in 1988 and funded with taxpayer dollars. This infrastructure could have benefited the people, but the Resnicks sought control. In 1994, state water officials held a secret meeting that changed water management rules. This meeting redefined California's water regulations without public input. The new agreement favored agricultural billionaires over urban water needs. It eliminated an earlier rule giving preference to urban areas during droughts. As a result, cities must now buy water from private companies like the Resnicks when supply runs low. Additionally, the new rules allowed for "paper water," which inflated available water quantities. The ownership of the Kern Water Bank shifted to private contractors, including a subsidiary of Wonderful Foods. This transition enabled the Resnicks to control a substantial portion of California's water resources. During droughts, the Resnicks can sell water back to urban systems. They profit by using taxpayer-funded water to grow expensive crops, making them unaffordable for many. They also control additional water boards and have faced lawsuits for directing excessive water to their properties. To further their interests, the Resnicks contribute millions to political campaigns. They support initiatives that help them maintain control over water systems. One notable project is the proposed California Delta Tunnel, which would divert water to their farms. They have also cultivated a close relationship with key politicians, including Senator Dianne Feinstein. Feinstein has sponsored bills that redirect taxpayer money to water projects benefiting the Resnicks. They have also attempted to influence scientific studies to suit their needs. The Resnicks donate significantly to the University of California system, focusing on agricultural studies. This financial influence shapes research agendas, leading to more taxpayer funding benefiting their interests. The Resnicks' control over water is detrimental to California. Agriculture uses 80 percent of the state's water but contributes only 2 percent to its GDP. Their actions not only harm the environment but also exploit workers. Water should be recognized as a public resource and a human right. Legislative changes are necessary to prevent individuals like the Resnicks from controlling it.
By Zuechanabout a year ago in FYI