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HOW AMERICA BECAME A SUERPOWER !!!
The modern United States is the most powerful country in human history. With over 800 military bases and 37% of global military spending, the United States has become the leader of a vast interconnected global system that has helped usher in an era of unprecedented prosperity and low levels of conflict. To understand America’s position in the world, and why it’s so pivotal for world politics as we know it, you have to go back to the country’s founding — back to when America wasn’t a global power in any sense of the word. During the first 70 years of its existence, the United States expanded in both territory and influence in North America eventually reaching the Pacific Ocean in a wave of expansionism that resulted in the wholesale slaughter of the indigenous people who populated the continent. But early Americans were deeply divided as to whether the country should expand beyond the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. This became a major debate after the civil war, when some leaders, like post-war Secretary of State Seward, argued that America should push to become a global power. Seward succeeded in pushing a plan to purchase Alaska from Russia, but his attempts to buy Greenland and Iceland, as well as annex territory in the Caribbean, were all blocked by Congress. That’s because some Americans, including many on Capitol Hill, had a strong anti-imperialist bent. These people worried about America getting more involved in global politics, as well as having to integrate populations from “inferior” races. And this opposition applied major checks on the imperialist urge to expand. But something was happening in the late 1800s that would change the debate about American expansionism. The industrial revolution produced explosive economic growth, and the bigger US economy required a more centralized state and bureaucracy to manage the growing economy. Power became concentrated in the federal government, making it easier for expansionist presidents, like William Mckinley, to unilaterally push United States influence abroad. The key turning point came in 1898, when President McKinley dragged the country into war with Spain over the island of Cuba despite intense opposition. The rising US easily defeated the moribund Spanish empire, acquiring Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines in the process (1898). Over the next two years, the US would annex the Kingdom of Hawaii (1898), Wake Island (1899), and American Samoa (1900). A few years later the US took control of the Panama Canal Zone (1903) and sent troops to occupy the Dominican Republic (1916), it also purchased the American Virgin Islands (1917). This period of rapid acquisition of far flung territories put the US on the map as a truly global power. During this time, America also began using its influence to protect its growing commercial and military interests abroad, installing pro-American regimes in places like Nicaragua and playing a major role in international diplomacy regarding the Western presence in China. World War I showed how just how much America’s influence had grown. Not only was American intervention a decisive factor in the war's end But President Wilson attended the Paris Peace Conference which ended the war and attempted to set the terms of the peace. He spearheaded America’s most ambitious foreign policy initiative yet, an international organization, called the League of Nations, designed to promote peace and cooperation globally. The League, a wholesale effort to remake global politics, showed just how ambitious American foreign policy had become. Yet isolationism was still a major force in the United States. Yet isolationism was still a major force in the United States. Congress blocked the United States from joining the League of Nations, dooming Wilson’s project. During the Great Depression and the rise of Hitler, the US was was much more focused on its own region than on European affairs Ultimately, though, America’s ever-growing entanglements abroad made it impossible for it to stay out of global affairs entirely. In East Asia, the growing Japanese empire posed a the direct threat to American possessions and troops bringing the United States and Japan into conflict. This culminated in the Pearl Harbor attack bringing the United States into World War II. World War Two would transform America’s global presence forever. The United States was the only major power to avoid economic ruin during the war, and it was the sole country equipped with atomic weapons. As such, it was in unique position to set the terms of the peace — and, with the aim of preventing another war in mind, it took advantage. The most famous example of this is the creation of the United Nations. The UN charter set up a system of international law prohibiting wars of conquest, like the ones waged by the Nazis and the Japanese. It also served as a forum in which the international community could weigh in on disputes, and help resolve them. This way, the Americans hoped, great powers could resolve their differences through compromise and law rather than war. But while the UN is the most famous of the post-war institutions, it isn’t the only one. 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations came together in a small vacation haven in New Hampshire. Their goal? To establish a global financial system that would prevent another Great Depression and World War. The resulting agreement, called the Bretton Woods Agreement ultimately became backbone of the global financial system. Resulting in the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. By creating these institutions the United States committed itself to being deeply involved in the world’s problems. The issue, though, is that the world’s second-largest power — The Soviet Union — saw things differently. World War II had made allies out of the democratic West and communist East in the fight against Hitler, but that couldn’t last. The United States saw Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe and elsewhere as a direct threat to its vision of a free-trading world. "To a substantial degree, in one form or another" Socialism has spread the shadow of human regimentation Over most of the nations of the earth And... the shadow is encroaching on our own liberty. Fearful of Soviet intentions towards Western Europe, the US and other European nations created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance meant to stop Russia from invading other countries in Europe. Globally, the US committed to a strategy called “containment” — so called because it was aimed at containing the spread of Communism everywhere on the globe. This new global struggle meant that the US had to exert influence everywhere, all the time. Instead of disbanding the massive military machine created for World War II, its wheels mostly kept turning. This had two main results: first, the US was pulled into unlikely alliances with countries like Saudi Arabia, Israel, and South Korea, seeing each of them as bulwarks against communist influence in their region. Secondly, the US began intervening, often secretly, in dozens of countries to contain Soviet influence. Sometimes this meant propping up sympathetic dictators like in Iran, other times supplying rebels with arms and money like in Afghanistan in 1979 and Nicaragua in 1985. Over the course of the Cold War, the US intervened in hundreds of disputes around the globe, ending up with a complicated set of alliances, tensions, and relationships in basically every corner of the earth. After the Berlin wall fell, the US could have withdrawn from this system, severing ties with its allies and drawing down the size of its military. And while the US did military spending, much of the military infrastructure and alliances from the Cold War war remained. Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton decided that it was in both America and the world’s interests for the United States, now the sole superpower on earth, to continue actively managing global affairs. " We should be and we must be Peacemakers" NATO, created solely as a tool for countering the Soviets, stayed together and even expanded, a way of keeping European nations united in the absence of the Soviet threat. Washington’s support for countries like Israel and Japan stayed intact, ostensibly as a means of preventing war in those regions. The global system of alliances and institutions created to keep the peace during the Cold War became permanent — as did the American military and political commitments needed to keep them running . This system remains in operation today, and no leading American politician since the Cold War has seriously called for dismantling them — except, perhaps for Donald Trump. Trump has said contradictory things about these commitments. But he’s consistently argued that American allies are not paying America enough for its protection, and questioned the value of free trade. That calls NATO and even the World Trade Organization into question. At some point, we have to say, you know what, we're better off if Japan protects itself against this maniac in North Korea. We're better off if South Korea is going to start to protect itself -- and Saudi Arabia?-- Saudi Arabia? Absolutely. This is a sharp divergence from the consensus that has dominated US foreign policy since 1945, and something closer to the isolationism that came before it. So will President Trump act on some of candidate Trump's ideas, and reverse decades worth of institution building and alliances? We'll find out, soon enough.
By Wiam aar2 years ago in History
The First Americans
Since the inception of our species' exploration of the world, it has encountered significant challenges, and human adaptation has been a necessary requirement for our survival and proliferation on this planet. The continents of Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania bear the marks of human occupation since the beginning of human history. However, the American continent presents some uncertainties. The question of who the First Americans were, when they arrived on the continent, and how the colonization of the continent occurred persists due to its geographic location, far from other continents. The most widely accepted hypothesis is that at the end of the Pleistocene period, a thin strip of land called Beringia connected North America with Asia, as the sea level was approximately 120m below the current level. However, with the changes in climatic conditions that occurred at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum period, which began around 25,000 years ago, the sea level began to rise gradually, and the then layer of land, Beringia, was submerged, leaving only small islands projected further to the east. This caused the populations known as paleo-indigenous to be forced to leave the region, following the herds of animals they hunted or looking for other sources of food and heat, and they were forced to go towards what we now know as Alaska and Canada, down through the Yukon Valley, and also following ice-free corridors between the Laurentide Ice Sheets, which was a great sheet of ice that covered North America until the current Great Lakes region. An alternative migration by coastal navigation is also suggested, where some groups would follow the mainland coast, heading south. In the following millennia, the descendants of these Asians moved south in search of favorable conditions and ended up populating the entire American continent, being known as the first Americans. This is currently the most accepted hypothesis, but there are others that are also considered, such as the idea that the continent was colonized from peoples coming from the Pacific Ocean, from Australian, Malay, and Polynesian aboriginal peoples who would have migrated by accident and colonized the west coast of South America. Many support this idea, with recently discovered ancestral DNA data indicating that there is a higher proportion of Australo-Melanesian ancestry in South American Native Americans, a signature absent in indigenous populations from North and Central America. The Americas were shaped by these migratory phenomena, associated with climatic factors, to lay the foundations of various cultures and peoples that marked the continent. The evidence of the presence of ancient hunting groups in Central America has been found at the El Bosque site, near Pueblo Nuevo, in the Estelí district of northwestern Nicaragua. The stratigraphic features of the site indicate the presence of a lower layer with numerous bones of large mammals identified as belonging to the species of Megalonychids, a type of giant sloth called Ere-motherium, of species of Odocoileus, an extinct type of deer, and also bones of chelonians and small mammals, and the artifacts associated with this fauna were manufactured, being chipped in a very rudimentary way. In South America, peoples originating from the first wave created great cultures and societies as complex as those found in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Some native South American populations, such as the Suruí, Caritiana, Xavante, Guarani-Caioá, and Chutuná, share 3% of their DNA with peoples from Australia and Oceania, suggesting that these individuals descend from one of the first waves to cross Beringia about 15,000 years ago. This ancestral group is known among scientists as the Y population, initial of Ypykuéra, Tupi word for ancestor. However, there is no evidence that the peoples of Oceania crossed the Pacific and arrived directly in South America. What most likely happened, according to the most recent data, is that the migration of these individuals took place to Asia and then to Africa. Beringia, and in this migratory process, they started living in the Americas. Despite the existence of geological, archaeological, and genetic evidence, we still do not have an irrefutable certainty of who the First American was, and we hope that with more research, we can unravel this mystery.
By A História2 years ago in History
Be Careful September: Five wake up calls from monetary history
Take fright. This is the lesson that history offers to policymakers who are returning from vacation this week as they prepare to negotiate the most challenging few weeks of all.
By Cyril Lord2 years ago in History
WE ARE ALL RELATED
How many ancestors do you have? Well, you have two parents, four grandparents, and eight great-grandparents. As you trace back your direct ancestors through the generations, the numbers grow exponentially. Four generations back, you find yourself with 30 direct ancestors. However, if you were to continue this lineage doubling with each generation, just 40 generations ago, you'd theoretically have a trillion ancestors all living simultaneously. That's an absurd number, exceeding the total number of people who have ever lived and even surpassing the number of stars in the Milky Way, now think of it,how does that sound?
By gospel ijachi2 years ago in History
The Surprising Experience
The Surprising ExperienceSome time ago, there was a man named Rajesh who lived in a little town with his young child, Rahul. Rajesh was a focused and caring dad who generally needed the best for his kid. Rahul, then again, was an inquisitive and gutsy little fellow, continuously looking for new encounters.One bright morning, Rajesh and Rahul chose to go for a climb in the close by woods. They loaded their knapsacks with bites, water, and a guide, prepared for their interesting experience. As they strolled through the thick trees, Rajesh informed Rahul concerning the different plants and creatures they could experience.Out of nowhere, as they arrived at a clearing, they heard a stirring sound. Interest got the better of Rahul, and he went on to examine. Rajesh swiftly followed, stressed over his daring child's security.Shockingly, they coincidentally found a child deer trapped in a prickly hedge. The unfortunate animal looked frightened and defenseless. Rajesh and Rahul drew closer leisurely, doing whatever it takes not to surprise it. With their consolidated endeavors, they figured out how to liberate the child deer from the thistles.As though offering its thanks, the child deer cuddled against Rahul's leg, framing a moment connection between them. Overpowered by this unforeseen fellowship, Rajesh proposed they bring the deer back home and care for it until it was sufficiently able to get back to nature.Back in their town, everybody was flabbergasted by seeing a child deer in their middle. The locals appreciated Rajesh's thoughtfulness and adulated Rahul for his valiant salvage. The deer, whom they named Bambi, immediately turned into a cherished individual from the local area.Days transformed into weeks, and weeks transformed into months. Rajesh and Rahul took extraordinary consideration of Bambi, guaranteeing that he had sufficient food and a protected spot to rest. Bambi, thusly, gave massive pleasure and satisfaction to their lives.As the months went by, Bambi developed greater and further. It was the ideal opportunity for him to get back to his normal living space. Rajesh and Rahul realized they needed to let him go, despite the fact that bidding farewell was troublesome.One bright morning, Rajesh, Rahul, and Bambi wandered once again into the woods. They tracked down the ideal spot, encompassed by rich plant life and a delicate stream. It was the ideal opportunity for Bambi to start his new section.With overwhelming sadness, Rahul bid goodbye to his dear companion, understanding that it was the correct thing to do. Bambi delayed the slightest bit, as though to say thank you, and afterward nimbly vanished into the backwoods.Rajesh and Rahul strolled back home, their hearts loaded up with mixed feelings. They understood that the bond they imparted to Bambi had shown them important examples love, empathy, and the excellence of nature. Furthermore, despite the fact that Bambi was never again genuinely with them, the recollections of their experience would perpetually hold an exceptional spot in their souls.Some time ago, in a far off land, there were two voyagers named Sam and Hannah. They were essential for a group sent determined to reveal the mysteries of a legendary spot called Argilus. This strange land was said to hold the way in to an old progress that had for some time been neglected.As their spaceship plunged onto the outer layer of Argilus, something turned out badly. The boat failed, and Sam and Hannah were isolated from their crewmates. They crash-arrived in various areas, far away from one another. Correspondence was unimaginable because of the environmental obstruction, so they were left to investigate this bizarre new world all alone.Hannah ended up on a titanic living boat, drifting in the Incomparable Northern Sea. The boat was not normal for anything she had at any point seen, with perplexing examples of plants and fascinating plants covering its surface. It throbbed with a supernatural energy, as though it held privileged insights ready to be found.Then again, Sam ended up on a bunch of inflatables high over one of the landmasses. From his vantage point, he could see tremendous scenes, energetic with colors he had never envisioned. The air was fresh and loaded up with the aroma of obscure blossoms.In spite of the fact that they couldn't impart straightforwardly, Sam and Hannah both realize that their main goal was to uncover a definitive secret of Argilus. They kept their encounters and perceptions in their radio connections, trusting their information could be gotten to later.With a combination of fervor and fear, they started their singular investigations, experiencing unusual animals and experiencing startling difficulties en route. The riddles they confronted were different and expected a scope of abilities and brains to tackle. However, they continued on, sharing their victories and dissatisfactions through their recorded logs.Sam and Hannah's process was not without hazard. They experienced unfriendly conditions, yet in addition experienced snapshots of stunning excellence. They wondered about the interesting verdure and found unpredictable instruments that appeared to outfit the energy of the actual land.As they dug further into the privileged insights of Argilus, their ways met. They understood that their different excursions were interconnected, and they would require each other's assistance to reveal reality. Together, they confronted difficulties that must be conquered through their joined abilities and information.Their process likewise acquired them contact with the puzzling occupants of Argilus. These creatures, with their old insight, shared parts of their set of experiences and offered direction on their journey. The exchange of data between Sam, Hannah, and the occupants of Argilus advanced how they might interpret the land and its secrets.Days transformed into weeks, and weeks transformed into months. Sam and Hannah endured, powered by their interest and the longing to open the mysteries that lay concealed inside Argilus. Their assurance drove them to unwind the perplexing riddle that was the core of this land.At long last, as the peak of their process drew nearer, Sam and Hannah remained on the slope of revelation. They had seen ponders beyond anything they could ever imagine and had beaten difficulties that tried their cutoff points. Presently, they were very nearly uncovering the antiquated truth that had evaded humankind for quite a long time.In a snapshot of disclosure, Sam and Hannah opened the mystery of Argilus. They found that this strange land was an actual spot as well as a sign of human creative mind and innovativeness. Argilus addressed the boundless potential outcomes of the human psyche and its capacity to investigate the unexplored world.As they got back to their home, Sam and Hannah conveyed with them the significant examples they had gained from their puzzling excursion. They comprehended that the genuine pith of revelation lay not in the objective, but rather in the actual excursion. They understood that interest and strength were the keys to opening the secrets of the universe.Thus, their story turned into a wellspring of motivation for future voyagers, reminding them to embrace the obscure and set out on their own excursions of revelation. The story of Sam and Hannah's puzzling excursion would be scratched in the records of history, a demonstration of the force of human interest and the marvels that anticipate the people who try to wander into the unexplored world.
By Godstime Samson 2 years ago in History
The Origin of the State
Introduction: The concept of the state is central to our modern world, serving as the fundamental organizing unit of political power and governance. (1) But where did the state originate, and how did it evolve into the complex institutions we see today? The origins of the state are a subject of great historical and anthropological debate, as they delve into the very foundations of human society. This article seeks to explore the fascinating journey of how states came into being and how they have transformed over millennia.
By DeSamist2 years ago in History
Arsenal vs Man united
Rivalry Beyond the Pitch: Fan Culture in the Arsenal vs. Manchester United Clash The Arsenal versus Manchester United rivalry is not just a battle between two football clubs; it's a war that extends well beyond the pitch. At the heart of this intense rivalry lie the passionate and loyal fan bases of both Arsenal and Manchester United. These fans, known for their unwavering dedication and colorful traditions, play a significant role in shaping the narrative of this historic rivalry. In this exploration, we will delve deep into the world of fan culture, uncovering the origins, rituals, chants, and interactions that define the fervor surrounding these two football giants.
By Ronald 2 years ago in History
Witchcraft in Spain
The small village of Zugarramurdi, located in the Basque region of Spain, is known for its dark and intriguing history related to witches and witchcraft. This remote village, nestled in the Pyrenees mountains, gained notoriety during the Spanish Inquisition in the 17th century due to its alleged involvement in witchcraft and witch trials. The history of Zugarramurdi and its association with witches is a fascinating tale of fear, superstition, and persecution.
By Alex T2 years ago in History
The Battle for the Future
In the heart of America's heartland, beneath a clear and starlit sky, a small town with a population barely scraping four digits played host to an event of monumental importance. The year was 2024, and this was where the future of the Republican Party was being debated, argued, and ultimately, decided. It was a time when the winds of change blew fiercely through the ranks of the GOP, and the key contenders in the Republican primary race had converged on this unassuming place to wage a battle for the party's soul.
By Damilola Adams Kayode2 years ago in History
A small town divided by complicating political ideologies
In the quiet town of Oakwood, politics had always been a unifying force, bringing neighbors together to make collective decisions for the betterment of their community. But lately, a deep divide had started to form, fueled by conflicting ideological viewpoints. The upcoming local election was only intensifying the tensions, as friends and neighbors found themselves on opposite sides of the political spectrum.
By Shamsu2 years ago in History
Lost in the Ice: The Mystery of the Franklin Expedition
In 1845, two British ships, HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, embarked on an ambitious journey into the icy Arctic waters. Their mission was to find a route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the frozen bays of Canada, a pathway known as the Northwest Passage. This endeavor had both economic and scientific objectives. Britain aimed to enhance its economy through improved trade routes to China, trading silk, spices, and more. Additionally, the expedition sought to study the Earth's north magnetic pole for scientific advancement and better maritime navigation in the Arctic.
By Joshua Fiu2 years ago in History
World's Most Mysterious Places
Step into the mystical world of the Czech Republic, where ancient pagan and mystical traditions still hold sway. Among the many enigmatic sites that dot this land, the Hill of Crosses stands out as a place of great spiritual power. Nestled in the northern reaches of Lithuania, this pilgrimage site has been drawing visitors for centuries. Legend has it that the hill was originally built to honor fallen warriors, but over time, it became a sacred site associated with miracles and healing. Today, the hill is adorned with thousands of crosses of all shapes and sizes, some dating back centuries. Many visitors claim to have experienced miraculous healings and other paranormal phenomena while visiting this hallowed ground.
By miss hyena2 years ago in History