How this boarder came into subcontinent
the boarders
This is the Golden Temple. People come here from all over the world to bathe in its waters, to look at the Holy Book that is inside of this middle Golden Temple and to just experience the holiness of this place. This place is the epicenter of Sikhism. It sits right here in northern India in a city called Amritsar. Close by there's another important Sikh site called Kartarpur. It was established by the founder of Sikhism more than 500 years ago. It's the place where he spent the last years of his life and it is the second holiest place in Sikhism. For centuries, Sikhs have been able to make pilgrimage between these two sites to move freely throughout their heartland. But in 1947 a British lawyer drew a border here turning what had been British India into two new countries, India and Pakistan. I could only call it one of the most bizarre lines, which were ever drawn across a map It went right here with the Golden Temple on one side and Katarpur on the other. Thanks to this border Sikhs in India are now cut off from their holy site. So many come here to a platform that the Border Patrol set up. The platform looks across the border where with the help of telescopes, Sikhs can look at their holy place just three or four kilometers away. In addition to cutting off communities from their sacred sites, this border separated families, cut across rivers, forests, farms, railroad tracks. Today this border is heavily fortified with nearly all 3,000, plus kilometers fenced. It's lit so well that you can see it from space and barely anything or anyone crosses over it When we talk about the drawing of the line, what was the most painful was the division of families which took place and that is a very big reality. This is the story of a violent separation. One of the most traumatic events of the 20th century It's the story of how a hastily drawn line on a map separated one people into two. This is a horror story. What we saw was a town soaked with the stench of death. In the train of murder and arson, come the refugees. Their suffering is the new tragedy of India. Many will never reach their new land. These are the things that are setting the heart burning on either side of the line. The sun is setting and I'm walking along one of the oldest roads in Asia One that used to connect this region but today a border runs through it and instead of connection and trade what you see here is this: There's barbed wire, there's fences, there are officers everywhere and yet, there's also ice-cream and popcorn and paraphernalia. This feels like a sporting event. You can buy keychains of machine guns. Thousands of spectators file in, filling this stadium that looks down on the border. On the other side Pakistanis are doing the same. Then, both sides start their different show. Two hours of chanting and dancing Then the finale, a face-off between the two sides. They strut back and forth in this coordinated choreography and it all ends with the lowering of each flag and the closing of this gate. This bizarre border show plays out every evening. But this ceremony, this fence, this intense nationalism If you rewind just a little in time, none of this existed. The British controlled parts of India for nearly 200 years but by 1947, a strong movement of independence was swelling across the subcontinent
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RED CEA
- [Narrator] The Red Sea. A special idyll of the Orient. A place of silence, strength and diversity. The Red Sea is famous for its high salt content which especially contributes to clear water. Algae can't spread easily here. This is why its broad coral reefs can be considered a true paradise for divers. We can find lots of highlights of marine life here. There are a lot of colorful shoals of fish, popular anemone fish, basses, vigilant morays, odd pufferfish, and, of course, elegant turtles. The biggest attraction is colorful coral reefs shining in the sunlight. From the Earth's orbit, we can clearly spot the elongated form of the Red Sea. It is a narrow sea, 2,240 kilometers long, up to 2,604 meters deep, that borders the Indian Ocean and lies between Northeast Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The Red Sea contains about 200,000 cubic kilometers of water. Its surface is spread over 438,000 square kilometers and the water is on average 538 meters deep. A good question would be why it is called the Red Sea. There have already been several interpretations for it since antiquity. On the one hand, blue algae grows in this stretch of water. ost all of these fish are females. Usually, only one fiftieth of the group are male. At first, adult fish are always females that later turn into males. But that mostly just happens if a male fish dies. If that is the case, the strongest female of the group transforms into a male fish in just a couple of days, to take its place. Another resident of the reef is the soft coral. Even though it is related to the stone and fire coral, it has a totally different structure. It gets its stability from inner water pressure. Its limbs and strains are not covered in polyps. Those are located at the ends of the arms. The soft corals' colors are usually brown, yellow or green. If it lives in the shadows, it has a bright red, orange or purple color. Mostly, they are located on the edges of reefs, overhangs or on the ceilings of caves. Corals are really important for a lot of fish. They provide shelter for small and normal sized ones. That's why they are almost always surrounded by huge swarms. If there's an enemy, they can instantly hide between the branchy corals and are almost unreachable for big predators. The coral's ability to emit stinging poison is a huge advantage here, too. Although, the fish have to be careful not to come into contact with the defense polyps, because otherwise they themselves might be the victims. Because of natural barriers and because of the environment influencing those animals in a special way, many unique species which can't be found anywhere but the Red Sea have developed over millions of years. One of those creatures is the popular clownfish. This genus here is also known as Red Sea anemonefish. They eat plankton and algae and are comparatively small. 15 centimeters is the maximum. The clownfish lives closely in a so-called symbiosis with anemones. That means, as we have just learned about the corals, that two different species both profit from living together. Surprisingly, clownfish are able to live with are toxic. Why doesn't it disturb the clownfish? Very simple. It possesses a slime layer which protects it from the deadly poison. The anemonefish protects the anemone, driving out predators like, for example, butterflyfish. In return, the anemone protects the rotting carcasses. But still, bigger morays are pretty modest about the search for food and so only.
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