The Fascinating History of Human Civilizations

The Fascinating History of Human Civilizations: From Ancient Times to Modern Societies

Introduction: Exploring the Rich Tapestry of Human Civilization

history of human civilizations, ancient civilizations, world history, human societies

The Birth of Civilization: Unveiling the Origins and Early Developments

early humans, ancient settlements, agricultural revolution, development of writing systems

The Rise and Fall of Empires: Examining the Great Civilizations Throughout History

Egyptian civilization, Mesopotamian civilization, Greek civilization, Roman Empire, Chinese dynasties

Cultural Exchange and Globalization: The Impact of Trade Routes and Interactions between Civilizations

Silk Road, Indian Ocean trade routes, cultural diffusion, technological advancements through trade

Golden Ages and Renaissance: Celebrating the Pinnacles of Human Achievement in Art, Science and Philosophy

Ancient Greece's Golden Age, Islamic Golden Age in Medieval times, Renaissance in Europe

The Modern Era: From Colonialism to Globalization - Shaping the World as We Know It Today

Age of Exploration and Colonization, Industrial Revolution, World Wars I and II

Challenges and Triumphs: Human Civilization in the 21st Century

Technological advancements' impact on society , environmental challenges , global cooperation efforts

Conclusion: Reflecting on Our Shared Human History and Looking towards the Future

The history of our story began long ago at one point in time around 3 billion years ago we were floating around as little tiny atoms in the little petri dish of the world fast forward to around 6 million years ago and we see the emergence of the first hominids the family of primates that include humans 1.9 million years ago Homo erectus was the first species to leave Africa and colonize other parts of the world they had larger brains than their primate ancestors around 400 000 years ago the first evidence of the Neanderthals their bodies were adapted to the cold environments of Europe in Western Asia their distinctive facial features were some of the most human-like ever seen then came us the only surviving species of the homogeneous but how did Homo sapiens rise into a global dominance through the mechanism of civilization foreign.

We Begin our story in the fertile lands of Mesopotamia in 4000 BCE nestled between the great Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the Sumerian city of uric instead of relying on hunting and Gathering like our ancestors of the past the citizens of uric were able to develop a way to harvest cereal grains like wheat and barley however turning cereal grains into edible foods took a lot of work in the beginning they had to use an invention called a hand Mill which consisted of two stones as the grains were crushed between the two stones the flower was collected in a container and stored for future use this was the start of something great this complex strenuous process was our modern world's first example of Agriculture we no longer depended on hunting animals or picking berries for our food rather than using human Ingenuity we can create our own food source this allowed Uric to prosper into a place with over 50 000 residents however this change did have a change on the human body the average height of men drastically shrunk from five foot nine to five foot three and for women they shrunk on average from five foot three to five feet instead of being the super athletes we were of the past we were smaller less noticeable Farmers people also became landlocked changing the very essence of what it means to be human in the early 3000 BCE according to Legend King Gilgamesh began his rule as a Sumerian king of his region one of the world's earliest poems the Epic of Gilgamesh describes the story of Gilgamesh and his quest for immortality he meets a wise traveler named unapishtem who tells a story of a great flood sent to destroy the world towards the poem's end Gilgamesh says life which you look for you will never find for when God's created man they let death be his share and life withheld in their own hands however by the end of 3000 BCE the acadians ousted the Sumerians sargan the great took power and conquered all of Sumeria while in the Indus Valley in modern day Pakistan a new civilization was growing the Indus Valley Civilization 3 300 to 1300 BCE was most notable for its highly Advanced toilet system the toilets were built with a seat and a chute that led to the underground drainage system the sewage was then carried away from the homes through a network of covered drains preventing disease spread the waste was treated and disposed outside of City Limits helping to keep the cities clean and hygienic foreign while in Egypt they were more consumed with building pyramids than basic human Plumbing this was because in ancient Egyptian religion it was believed that when a pharaoh was to die in the physical world his Spirit would continue to live on in the afterlife in which they would continue to rule in perpetuity and where they would be worshiped by the living inside these pyramids the pharaoh's body was carefully mummified a process believed to preserve his physical form and help ensure his spirit's Journey to the afterlife the pyramid was also filled with offerings and treasures intended to provide the Pharaoh with the resources he would need in the afterlife every Pharaoh wanted to make sure they were Immortal they wanted to succeed in the afterlife they wanted to be worshiped forever that's why it was an utmost priority for Egyptian Pharaohs to build pyramids for themselves when laid to rest it started when Pharaoh joser 2667 to 2648 BCE built the step pyramid at Sakara followed by snefaru 2613-2589 BCE who built several pyramids such as the bent pyramid and The Red Pyramid then came the Pharaoh Khufu 2589-2566 BCE who built the famous Great Pyramid of Giza in a labor-intensive 20-year process one that the world still Marvels at today Khufu Was Then followed by Pharaoh's coffrey and menkar who built the slightly smaller second and third Pyramids of Giza respectively while over in China in the year 2100 BCE the first Chinese dynasty was upon us like the people of Mesopotamia the Chinese were ever reliant on agriculture producing rice wheat and barley among other crops however as Legend has it the Yellow River flooded these massive floods would destroy all the crops leading to massive famine and suffering however not all was to be lost because you the great was on his way you was so distraught by this problem that he would spend his days traveling up and down the Yellow River he found ways to divert the rivers by building levees and dikes so that he could regulate the waterways then after 13 years of hard work the floods could no longer wreak havoc on the land the people were overjoyed and you was hailed as a savior that was the start of the first Chinese Dynasty the Zha Dynasty though the accuracy of this tale is questioned by historians it does establish an important precedent the idea is that power ought to follow one's Merit an individual who deserves absolute power shall have absolute power this idea would shape the world for years to come and cause the people of ancient China to follow him to create the first ever Chinese dynasty foreign [Music] Mesopotamia around 1772 BCE a Babylonian King named King Hammurabi created the basis of the legal system as we know it today Hammurabi ordered the creation of a seven foot tall two foot wide stone slab written on it was a system of 282 laws that each citizen of his kingdom was to follow such laws included various laws such as law one if a man brings an accusation against another man charging him with murder but cannot prove it the accuser shall be put to death law 196 if a man destroys the eye of another man they shall destroy his eye law 197 says if he breaks another man's bone they shall break it law 199 if he destroys the eye of a man's slave or breaks the bone of a man's slave he shall pay one half his price however what Hammurabi did was create a society based on laws he laid out strict laws placing people into certain castes of life and value everyone was worth a different amount based on what class they were in society there was no illusion of equality in ancient Babylon instead it was pretty clear the value of a Noble's bone was worth more than a plebeiance which in turn was worth more than a slaves an idea we continue to see throughout history while in modern day Turkey a lesser-known civilization came to power the hidites empire under the charismatic rule of the leader labarnis 1680-1650 BCE he was a skilled ruler with a single vision in mind uniting the hittite city-states under a single rule the barnas LED his army from City to City conquering neighboring city-states and making alliances with their leaders he was a shrewd Diplomat and he used his diplomatic skills to win over the hearts and minds of the people eventually labarnis became the ruler of all the hidite city-states and established the Empire he was a Justin fair ruler and was loved by his people under his rule the hidites prospered and their territory expanded leaving them right next to their neighbors in Egypt while in modern day Greece a collection of city-states emerged on the European continent Mycenaean Greece 1600 BCE to 1100 BCE was dominated by an elite Warrior society and consisted of a network of palace-centered states that developed rigid hierarchical political social and economic systems at the head of the society was the king however unlike a unified civilization each city was on its own a city-state is a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state the development of city-states such as Troy mycenae and pilus start to grow the first remnants of the Greek written language known as Linear B also started to emerge the first record of any Indo-European Greek record we have today uh foreign while back in Egypt they started to create a social pyramid of another type the Egyptian social pyramid like the Great Pyramid of Giza it is more prominent at the bottom and tinier at the top at the bottom lays The Peasants and the slaves they were responsible for doing all the manual labor they worked on the lands they would spend the day in and day out farming producing food for all of Egypt then when the seasoned a farm was over for the year they would work on the pharaoh's massive building projects literally building the pyramids slightly above the slaves came The Artisans they were these stone masons the plasters and the sculptors who created the exuberant art the wealthy desired and for Egypt is most known for today then came the merchants who spent their days navigating the Nile trading gold Papyrus and linen to anyone who could afford it they were well respected and able to make a healthy profit by selling then came the scribes these masters of the world would go to specialized scribe schools just to master the language of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics in Practical use these scribes took account of the stores of food various tax documents and even the daily lives of the Pharaoh after the scribes came the soldiers the soldiers were tasked with protecting the Egyptian Empire they dedicated their lives to defend or make preemptive strikes against their enemy generally they were well fed then near the top came the bureaucrats these high-ranking government officials did essential tasks at the top of society like the viziers who ran the logistical tasks necessary to run a civilization the priests oversaw taking care of the temples to ensure the gods were well cared for the Nobles oversaw specific regions of the Empire and kept order and said regions at the top the purpose of everyone below was the Pharaoh the king and the mediator between the gods and the world of men the Pharaohs will be known to be Supreme and all must succumb to it when the Pharaoh dies he will be buried in a pyramid in which he will help eternally rule over the Egyptian Empire Egyptian Society was created to serve the Pharaoh taxes were taken from the farmers for the Pharaoh and Artisans made unique crafts for it the merchants ensured the Pharaoh was well supplied with the needed Goods the scribes would follow the Pharaoh and record his thoughts the soldiers made sure his Empire was protected the bureaucrats did the jobs the Pharaoh couldn't do while the Pharaoh sat at the top and communicated with the gods Pharaoh Ramses II 1279-1213 BCE accomplished many extraordinary things by living in this social system he orchestrated the construction of the Temple of Abu symbol the ramosium and the Temple of Karnak he was also able to grow the Egyptian Empire and reconquer lands lost by other pharaohs except for the land claimed by the Hadith Empire [Music] the head eyed King of the time matwali II 1295-1272 BCE was Notorious for ordering his troops to attack his Egyptian neighbors following the example of labarnis matwali wanted to unify the world under hittite rule however Ramses had enough other pharaohs in the past have tried to stop the Hittites but he knew if his Empire was to ever succeed he needed to attack back his Target is the city of Kadesh Ramses rode in on his Chariot with four divisions of 20 000 men ready to dominate and kill matwali however the hidites already knew of the incoming Egyptian Invasion through Espionage they fortified their city with 40 000 of his own men a war was about to commence Ramses decided to split up his divisions to force out but yet matwali never did a gruesome mistake splitting up his forces left him exposed unable to get an advantage allowing matwali and the people of Kadesh a chance for victory historians believe that all they did was come out from the fortification of Kadesh and trap Ramses II's forces in his army by the river but yet for some unknown reason they never did leaving the Battle of Kadesh to end in a draw after the battle though both sides decided it would be best to stop attacking each other that they should live in peace and unity in this world then after the death of matwali the new king had a silly III took the throne of the hid-eyed Empire through the means of Messengers in the year 1258 BCE both Ramses and harusali signed the first peace treaty to ever exist reading in part Ramses the Great king the king of the the country of Egypt shall never attack the country of Hattie to take possession of a part of this country and harusali the great king of the country of Hadi shall never attack the country of Egypt to take possession of a part of that country then a period of friendship occurred between these two once warring Nations the hidites were skilled in metalwork and taught the Egyptians to make Superior weapons and tools at the same time the Egyptians master of Agriculture shared their knowledge with the Hittites trade for the benefit of both civilizations both civilizations prospered because of this peace can lead to Prosperity the agreement was kept in place until around 1200 BCE because that's when the hid-eyed empire fell because of the constant attacks they faced from these sea people leaving the hittite Empire to be lost in the state of History while on a continent far away the first civilization in the Americas was taking foot in modern day Mexico the Olmec civilization 1200 BCE to 400 BCE is often considered the mother civilization of Native American civilizations however sadly though not much is known about them mainly due to their writing in a hieroglyph historians still can't decipher one of the few remains we have are these 17 colossal Stone heads in Mesoamerican culture there is this belief that the head alone could contain an individual's emotion experience and soul we may not know their leaders names like of other civilizations like Ramses and Hammurabi when Looking Through The Eyes of a stone head we can still feel their presence and in some ways they remain Immortal and shrined in history for one day we may learn who they are foreign [Music] forty six the 256 BCE in China was taking its stride the Zhou dynasty gained power because of the failures of the less critical Shang Dynasty they believed in the idea of a mandate from Heaven this resulted in four principles in the Chinese dynastical structure that would be repeated repeatedly one Heaven grants the emperor the right to rule two since there is only one Heaven there can only be one Emperor at any given time three the emperor's virtue determines his right to rule and four no one Dynasty has a permanent right to rule a ruler in Dynasty could lose the Mandate from Heaven and the heavens weren't always on the side of the rulers over time it will fade into another Dynasty the heavens would send signs of droughts famines floods and earthquakes across the land signaling they'd lost the blessing from above this is how this Shang Dynasty fell and the Zhou dynasty grew to prominence the Zhou dynasty brought another style of government and the creation of feudalism the system was straightforward leading to another social pyramid at the bottom lay The Peasants who were tied to the land and whose job was to produce crops for the Empire then came the soldiers whose job was to protect the lands from foreign Invaders then the Lords who owned the land and paxed The Peasants a portion of their crops who in turn the lord gave some of their crops to the king the person in charge of the whole empire the king would then receive more crops and become very wealthy all prophets go to the king and all work goes to the masses why would anyone just settle for a life of farming day in and day out there are two reasons for this phenomenon the first reason was due to necessity it took many more people to feed an Empire and a family back then and the second reason be being philosophy towards the end of the Zhou dynasty the beginning of Eastern philosophy was created Confucius created a philosophy system justly named Confucianism which is focused on the importance of respect loyalty and responsibility in all relationships in life a central concept of Confucianism is called Lee which can be translated as rituals Customs or manners Lee refers to the formal and informal social conventions that guide societal Behavior it is seen as maintaining order and Harmony in Social relationships while loud Z created another philosophy called Taoism the word Tau means the way or the path and taoism teaches that individuals should seek to align themselves with the natural flow of the universe rather than fighting against it live your life as peacefully with yourself as possible and don't worry about external things outside your control all just focus on your farming one of the most famous contemporaries from taoism is the idea of Yin and Yang representing complementary and interdependent forces in nature such as light and dark hot and cold or masculine and feminine taoism teaches that by balancing these opposing forces individuals can achieve Harmony and fulfillment Confucianism and taoism made a life bearable for ancient Chinese farmers [Music] time progressed the city states that occupied ancient Greece grew around 800 BCE the Greek city started to realize that the land they occupied was practically infertile so to produce an essential staple of grain they had to import it hence why the Greek States had to colonize the world around them the city stayed moletus at its height had over 90 colonies throughout Europe producing food for the Greeks at its height the Greek had set up colonies from modern-day Marseille in France to rastavandan and Russia [Music] one of these new emerging city-states was Rome as Legend has it Romulus and Remus were twin brothers abandoned by their parents and placed into the river to bet as the basket floated across the river a female wolf discovered the two orphans and nursed them back to health when Romulus and ramus became adults they decided to find a city where the wolf rescued them however this created turmoil as both brothers wanted the site to be named after themselves as Romulus and ramus fought relentlessly eventually Romulus came up with the final blow and killed Remus creating Rome in 753 BC [Music] while the Greek city-states might have been colonizing Cyrus the Great was about to take over an Empire at the time the Persians were subjugated to the rule of the medes Empire according to Legend after his grandson Cyrus was born King asked the ages of medes had a vivid dream that his little grandson would one day stage a revolt against him King astiages knew what to do and ordered his chief advisor to kill the baby but the chief advisor gave the baby off to a Shepherd to be raised instead however troubles weren't over for Cyrus when he was 10 King astiages found Cyrus King astiages wanted to kill him because the dream was very clear this man will revolt against you yet against his better senses Cyrus was allowed to live King as theage is his biggest mistake when Cyrus was a man he gathered his army and revolted against his maternal grandfather the two but as prophecy had it astiages surrendered in 550 BCE however Cyrus wasn't done conquering he conquered Babylon and became the supreme ruler of Mesopotamia and even the Indus Valley Civilization the world was in Cyrus's hand Cyrus then took over the Greek colony of Ionia in Asia Minor leading a great Persian Empire and then he died leaving it all in the air for the next great Persian king Darius the Great [Music] while back in Greece various city-states started to gain power but two were at the Forefront Sparta and Athens Sparta was a military Powerhouse the famous Spartans believed everything should focus on physical strength and War when a new Young Spartan was born it would be slaughtered if it didn't look healthy boys were taken from their families at a young age and were trained to become Soldiers the brutal training included physical conditioning weapons training and harsh living conditions the entire life of a Spartan was to win a war their society reflected with three main groups the ruling class consisted of aristocrats who held political power the free non-citizens who were not allowed to participate in government but were still expected to serve in the military and the helits a group of enslaved people that provided labor for the Spartan State life in Sparta was harsh brutal and militaristic while their neighbors up north were experimenting with this idea of democracy Athenian democracy was a highly complicated mess there were two branches the Council of 500 and the assembly the Council of 500 was selected randomly by a process known as sortitian Athens itself was made up of 10 different tribes each tribe was responsible for providing 50 citizens to serve for one year in the Council of 500 via random selection each eligible citizen would be given a personalized token those tokens were inserted into a particular machine called the clariterion this long-lost technology included tubes and balls which somehow selected 50 residents of each tribe to join the illustrious Council of 500 while in the assembly there was a system in place that said that every single citizen had a vote of course to be a citizen you had to be a male and not a slave and neither born and Athens or to Athenian parents the Council of 500 would create the agenda for the main assembly to vote on because over 30 000 people could have a vote at any given time it was total chaos so to quell this the council would nominate nine presidents the morning of the meeting and it was their job to ensure all the rules and procedures were being followed since they were appointed right before the assembly met they were almost impossible to bribe somehow the assembly would loudly vote on whether a bill would pass they would vote on matters like appointing generals various laws and other government bureaucracy however not everyone liked this Athenian democracy the famous Greek philosopher Plato thought the idea was barbaric in book 6 of a seminal book The Republic Plato writes the true Navigator must study the seasons of the year the sky the stars the winds and all the other subjects appropriate to his profession if he is really fit to control the ship think that it's quite impossible to acquire the professional skill needed for such control and that there's no such thing as the art of navigation how much could a randomly selected member of the Council of 500 really know how much could he fully contribute to society should we allow a random member of society to have any power instead Plato would advocate for the idea of a philosopher king a man who studies wisdom logic and reasoning a man who dedicates his life to understanding how to be just a man who will become the Navigator of wisdom Plato would rather say the society we have described can never grow into a reality or see the light of day and there will be no end to the Troubles of the states or indeed my dear glaucon of humanity itself till philosophers become rulers in this world or to those We Now call Kings and rulers really and truly become philosophers and political power and philosophy thus come into the same hands there's just one issue with Plato's quote every leader thinks they're a philosopher king everyone thinks their thoughts are the best everyone thinks their ideas are the wisest from you the great in China to labarnis of the Hiday Empire to Siddhartha Gautama of the kingdom of Magda in India foreign while not so far away in the Indian Kingdom of magata a spoiled Prince named Siddhartha Gautama 500 BCE lived in luxury inside a palace inside this Palace Siddhartha could have anything he wanted all the jewels all the wealth all the finest Goods thrust upon him his world inside of the palace was a Utopia on Earth there was no want need or desire and it was perfect until he went outside his Palace compound the only place he ever knew as he took his first steps outside of his Palace what he saw struck a cord he saw an old man dying right on the street in front he realized that the Human Experience wasn't something that was perfect in Sublime instead it was death as Gilgamesh realized many years ago this was an inevitable part of The Human Experience Siddhartha left his life of luxury behind and began a quest for knowledge and enlightenment he studied with spiritual teachers and meditated for many years searching for answers to Life's big questions finally after six years of seeking he sat down under a fig tree and meditated until he achieved Enlightenment Enlightenment is a state of inner peace in which one has transcended the limitations of the ego and is in touch with a universal Consciousness or Divine Essence it isn't a fixed and permanent thing but rather an ongoing process of growth and development but under that fig tree Siddhartha became known as the Buddha or the awakened one he would spend the rest of his life traveling the countryside becoming close to the enlightenment Darius was determined to follow in his Father's Footsteps and take over the world after finalizing their rule over the city-state of Ionia the Persians were on a quest to take over Greece Darius and his twenty thousand men came to the city of Marathon in the year 490 BCE a city 26.2 miles away from Athens the Athenians were vastly outnumbered with only ten thousand men as the Persians were trying to regroup the powerful Greek hoplites crushed the weaker Persian Foot Soldiers by routing the wings before turning towards the center of the Persian line the remnants of the Persian army fled to their ships and left the battle early historians believe the battlefield littered 6400 Persian bodies while the Athenians lost only 192. so the Persians retreated and an Athenian messenger named phytopides ran the 26.2 miles from Marathon to Athens exclaiming with joy how the Athenians just beat the mighty Persian Empire all of Athens went crazy with this fantastic news hence Leading The Fighter Pods historic Trek to be sketched into history as the world's first marathon however the Persians weren't done even with Darius the first dying of mysterious circumstances his son exers the first took over the crown and wanted to complete his grandfather's Legacy in 480 BCE Xerxes the first wanted Revenge so he brought his enormous Invasion force of over 100 000 soldiers and was dead set on conquering Greece then at a narrow pass at Thermopylae the Spartan King Leonidas had his force of 7 000 Spartans maintained the defense Leonidas knew of his disadvantage and developed a bold and daring plan to defeat the Persians rather than waiting for the versions to attack Leonidas ordered his soldiers to make a surprise attack on the Persian Camp catching the Persians off guard and disrupting their formation despite their success the Greek army was ultimately overwhelmed by the Persians who attacked from all sides and eventually broke through the Greek defenses Leonidas and his soldiers fought with courage and determination still they were ultimately defeated then came the Battle of Salamis where the Greeks could change the tilt of the war in a naval battle between the 500 Persian trirem and 300 Greek triare it didn't look good for the Greeks still the great Athenian General the mysticles employed his plan to move the Persian Fleet into the narrow streets of Salamis and hit the enemy Fleet so hard that it had nowhere to retreat after a massive sea Battle the mysticles one greased the Victory and changed the face of the war the versions still had their goal conquer the Greek city-states Xerxes had returned to Persia leaving Persian general mardones in charge of the Persian Force for most of the significant battle yet after diplomatic talks ceased Persian knew they had to attack as the Persians sent their troops to platea the Greeks knew they had to work together with 30 various Greek city-states working together they were able to field a massive 110 000 hoplite army with the primary purpose of defeating Persia though there was nothing compared to the estimated 150 000 man army of Persia the battle was fierce and intense with both sides fighting with ferocity and determination the Greek hoplites continued to be effective against the Persian Cavalry and archers the Greeks also strategically used the terrain fighting on a slope that helped offset the Persian numerical advantage in the end the Greeks defeated the Persian forces and secured a decisive Victory the Persians suffered heavy losses and mardones was killed in the fighting the Battle of plateaya marked the end of the greco-persian wars and the Persian threat to Greece after the Persian War life in ancient Greece was spectacular a golden age of culture was upon us with no longer having to face the threat of War Athens was able to create architectural wonders such as the Parthenon the Parthenon sits upon the Athenian Acropolis a prominent Hill overlooking the city of Athens to show its wealth and culture no matter where you'll go in Athens you can still see the great Parthenon even today then came the theater around this time the state would sponsor the most significant poets to create stories in the Athenian festival called the city dionysia a festival designed to worship the Greek god of theater infertility Dionysus creating playwrights such as Sophocles escalus and Aristophanes [Music] states were hungry for power Athens was recruiting city-states into their Delian Alliance while Sparta was recruiting city-states into their Peloponnesian Alliance both Sparta and Athens felt like they should control the city of corkia hence why in 434 BCE war was upon the Greek Peninsula resulting in Naval battles such as the Battle of siblos and the Battle of pilos by 421 BCE a short piece was negotiated however this piece would not last and Athens had their eyes on Sicily initially the expedition was going well the Athenians established alliances with several Sicilian cities and won several minor skirmishes against the Sicilian forces but soon alcibiotes one of the greatest naval Generals in history was recalled to Athens to face charges of the Athenian fleet was left without his leadership in his absence the expedition began to unravel the Athenians could not take the city of Syracuse which had fortified its defenses and was well prepared for a Siege the Sicilians were aided by reinforcements from Sparta which saw an opportunity to strike a crippling blow against its arch-rival Athens the Athenian suffered from a lack of supplies and were plagued by disease at the same time the syracuseans launched a series of surprise attacks and ambushes finally after months of grueling fighting the Athenian fleet was destroyed in a decisive battle thousands of Athenians were killed and many more were captured and enslaved a decade after that Athens fell to the Spartans the age of legendary Greece was now over both Athens and Sparta were significantly weaker never to regain the same power they once had leaving the world ready for a philosopher king to conquer it all foreign in the East the Mandate of Heaven was up the Zhou dynasty after a long 800 year rule it was deemed by the heavens that their empire was up which led to a period known as the Warring States 474-221 BCE this resulted in Han fisi who created a new philosophy called legalism followers of legalism believe that people were inherently selfish and would only act in their own self-interest and that the only way to keep them in line was through a system of rewards and punishments that was clear and consistently enforced this resulted in Fiji claiming that the best way to achieve social order was by establishing a powerful ruler responsible for enforcing the law and punishing wrongdoers he also believed the ruler should have complete control over the military the economy and Society while in the heart of the Oaxaca region of Mexico the zapatec civilization started to flourish the capital city of Monte Alban was being built on a Mountaintop overlooking the entire Oaxaca Valley perched on the Mountaintop overlooking the valley of Oaxaca the city was home to a ruling Elite who oversaw a hierarchical social structure that included middle-class Artisans and lower class Farmers the people of the zapatec civilization were known for their Innovative agricultural practices including the cultivation of Maize and other crops which sustained their communities in times of drought and other environmental pressures they also developed an early writing system which used a combination of symbols and glyphs to represent words and ideas they developed an advanced calendar system based on 260-day and 365-day solar Cycles in Greece during the year 356 BCE in the city of Pella in the Kingdom of Macedon the greatest commander in history was born Alexander the Great grew up knowing he would be a leader and was the son of King Philip II in Queen Olympia But the teacher was much more impressive since he was a kid Alexander was tutored by Aristotle Aristotle is the man who is known as the father of a logic he created the fields of biology and taxonomy by introducing a way to think called the scientific method a method that is still taught in schools to this day he also wrote extensively about philosophy ethics and art changing the face of the world as we know it today this is the man who was in charge of teaching Alexander the Great Alexander was 20 when his father was assassinated but his excellent education Nation allowed him to take over the rest of the world after his father died in 336 BCE Alexander was hell-bent on keeping his family's power so in the Greek city of Thebes decided to revolt Alexander and his army marched 240 miles in 14 days when thieves refused to surrender he raised the entire city to the ground and 6 000 were killed and the rest were sold into slavery the rest of the Greek city-states recoiled in fear allowing Alexander to do as he pleased leaving for his new Target to be Persia and the new Persian king Darius III in 333 BC Alexander faced the Persian army at the Battle of Isis this significant engagement saw the Persian king Darius III defeated and forced to flee Alexander then captured several key cities including the vital Port of Tire which had resisted his initial Siege in 331 BC Alexander faced Darius III again at the Battle of gagamela near the Tigris River in modern day Iraq despite being outnumbered Alexander won a decisive Victory using Superior Tactics and Mobility the Persian army was shattered and Darius III fled once again Alexander then proceeded to capture the Persian capital of Babylon and took control of much of Mesopotamia he continued his campaign Eastward winning battles in what is now modern-day Iran and Afghanistan in 330 BC he captured the Persian capital of persepolis a city of great wealth and cultural significance but Alexander wasn't done he wanted to expand Eastward eventually crossing the Hindu Kush mountains into India however his troops grew tired of the Endless fighting and refused to go any further and Alexander was forced to turn back however after Alexander failed in the Indian subcontinent a Powerhouse emerged in India called the mauryan Empire at its height it spanned over much of India Pakistan Bangladesh and Afghanistan however this conquering came at much of a cost for its leader Ashoka the great in 261 BC after the death of his parents Ashoka decided that his Empire needed to expand in his sights the kingdom of Kalinga the war was Bloody the war was fierce over a hundred thousand people died Ashoka couldn't sleep with himself he didn't know how to deal with his actions that resulted in so Much Death so he turned to the teaching of the Buddha under ashoka's rule the mauryan Empire became known for supporting Buddhist teachings and promoting non-violence Ashoka issued a series of edicts inscribed on rocks and pillars throughout the Empire that promoted principles such as kindness respect for all religions and the abolition of slavery certain traits were not shared in the west by Alexander in the west it was deemed honorable to die in combat and a hero's death would be remembered forever a farmer will die in anonymity Alexander died a few years later in Babylon at the age of 32. throughout his expedition Alexander was spreading Greek ideas founded by his once wise teacher bringing the rise of Greek ideals across the land starting the seeds of the western cultures we see today once Alexander died his Empire just could not sustain itself his generals feuded as to who should be the leader of this great Empire everyone wanted power yet in fighting left to waste in Oblivion eventually in 323 BC after senseless Wars the Greek generals divided the world into three major Empires the ptolemes in Egypt the seleucids in the East and the antigonids in Greece one of Alexander's generals LED Egypt into a period of prosperity inspiration by his former leader ptolemy's built the Library of Alexandria a hub for an intellectual scholarship intellectuals from all over will come to the library to exchange ideas and thoughts throughout the world leaving us to have great philosophers like Plato and Aristotle to be the backbone of our culture while the general seleucid was given the keys to the city of Babylon Babylon at this time was a cultural Hub melting Greek Persian Indian and Central Asian cultures seleucid though preferred Greek ideas in Greek language the seleucid empire was at its height during the reign of King and Hiatus III 223 BC to 187 BC under King Antiochus III the seleucids encompassed a vast territory from modern day Turkey to modern-day Pakistan one of the largest Empires on record until the rise of the Romans while the antigonids did not have nearly as much success by the time antigonids the first took power the Greeks were just a shell of what they once were the age of the Greeks was behind us the ptolemies the seleucids and the antigonids went astray from the Roman Empire however for Rome to rise it had to face a powerful foe Carthage both Rome and Carthage had a desire for the same city-state Messina on the island of Sicily this would give either civilization a foothold to grab power in the Mediterranean the first Punic War was upon us and after 20 years of fighting in the year 241 BCE and the defeat of Carthage the Treaty of lutatius was signed the peace though was short-lived in 218 BCE the Second Punic Wars began when the carthagian general Hannibal invaded Italy with his army including elephants to conquer Rome Hannibal won several early battles including the Battle of canae in 216 BCE still he was ultimately defeated by the Roman general Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC ee the war resulted in the complete defeat of Carthage which was forced to cede its territories to Rome and the end of the carthaginian Empire there was no doubt in the world anymore that it was time for the Romans to take charge in the West while in the East after the end of the Warring States period chin Shi Huang and the Qin dynasty were an absolute power 221 BCE to 206 BCE chin was determined to turn diverse China into a unified Chinese Empire he divided the lands into 36 command areas supervised by a governor military commander and Imperial inspector it was expected that he followed the wheel of chin or else you would face harsh penalties the basic ideas of legalism in action strong government harsh laws and inheriting knowing that humans were necessarily selfish however their mandate from Heaven ran quite quickly after chin Shi huang's death China was in turmoil with another Dynasty on foot Lou Bing leader from 206 to 195 BCE after leading a revolt against the chin was declared emperor of the new Han Dynasty instead of following the strict legalistic mindset of the chin Liu decided to set his Empire as a confucianist paradise the ideals of moderation virtue and piety as set through Confucianism were marched throughout the Empire weaving the Cocoon of a powerful Dynasty during the Han Dynasty the production of silk was ever increasing and the idea of prophets was in the minds of all so in 138 BCE Emperor Han Wu sent an imperial Convoy to make contact with cultures of Central Asia and the Mediterranean then after the routes were established Chinese merchants and Traders would bring their silk across the Silk Road to the Middle East and eventually Europe where it would be sold at high profits though in the beginning the rod was relatively short because in 97 BC Ambassador Khan Ying was sent to Rome with gifts of silk for their empire however Khan only got As far as Mesopotamia because he was told by the parthians the dominant Empire in Iran at the time that the journey would take years little did Khan know that he was misinformed that the journey would have been relatively shorter but the parthians wanted to keep their spot as the middlemen they did not want China and Rome to have contact with one another creating a system of three Empires smushed right up against each other Rome in the West parthians in the center and China in the east then in 86 BCE Greece already being weakened by the conquest of Alexander the Great was now the target of the Roman Empire General Lucius Cornelius Sola LED an army of Legions to the Forefront of Athens he besieged Athens for several months brutally torturing the citizens within eventually when Athens fell he ordered his soldiers to loot and pillage the city destroying many important cultural Treasures this takeover cemented Rome as a superpower Athens no longer had the power but rather it was in Rome while in 63 BCE General Pompey was tasked with capturing Jerusalem and the region of Galilee the Romans quickly captured the cities forcing Galilee to be placed under Roman rule including a small village called Nazareth the Romans desire to expand didn't end in Galilee though in 58 BCE Julius Caesar was appointed governor of the Roman provide of sicipaline Gaul Northern Italy with the express assignment of Conquering the rest of the Gauls at the time the Gauls were a group of Celtic peoples who lived in that area that is now France Belgium and parts of Switzerland Germany and Italy however it was Caesar's job to take over these Celtic tribes while the Gauls who were insistent on their independence all had to work together under the leadership of verse in generics in a last-ditch attempt to stop the Romans as Caesar brought his troops to Elijah in 52 BC war was upon us Alicia was surrounded by a double wall and a ditch with additional fortifications on the town's Hills verson generics had gathered a large force of Gaelic Warriors inside the town in contrast Caesar had assembled a sizable Roman army outside the walls Caesar realized that a direct assault on the town would be complex so he surrounded the gallic forces and starved them into submission he ordered the construction of a series of fortifications around Alicia including a circumvalation wall that encircled the town and a second wall in ditch that faced outward to defend against any attempts to break out over several weeks Caesar's forces engaged in a grueling Siege of Elysia with both sides suffering heavy losses the gallic Warriors inside the town made several attempts to break out but they were repelled by the Roman forces the tide of the battle turned in favor of the Romans when a second Gaelic Army led by verse and generics's Ally kamius attempted to relieve The Siege Caesar sent a Detachment of his forces to intercept the gallic reinforcements after a fierce battle the Roman soldiers emerged Victorious with his forces surrounded in facing starvation versus generics was forced to surrender he emerged from Elysia and offered himself as a prisoner to Caesar effectively ending the gallic resistance to Roman rule throughout the next two years Caesar crossed the gallic Empire conquering and implementing it into Rome the Gauls were implemented into Rome even gaining citizenship within the empire however the Senate was not happy with Caesar even though he had great success against the Gauls the Roman senate wanted him to stop they did not like the popularity Caesar was gaining nor the power he was controlling so the Roman senate called upon Caesar to resign his command and disband his army or risk being declared An Enemy of the State this led Caesar to an essential choice to make will he either follow the wheel of the Roman senate or ignore them and start a bloody Civil War Roman law at the time prohibited any general from Crossing the Rubicon River and entering Mainland Italy with a standing army without the expressed permission of the Roman senate to do so would be treason and this tiny stream would reveal Caesar's intentions and mark the point of no return Civil War was imminent as Caesar and his army marched over the Rubicon battles in corfinium and farsalis showed the Senate that Caesar was a worthy foe so the Roman senate appointed his son-in-law mayus Pompey to lead the Roman forces against his father-in-law both parties knew the importance of Spain due to it providing a link between Italy and the rest of Europe the two armies clashed near the town of Leda in northeastern Spain Caesar's Army was significantly outnumbered but he could use a superior military tactics and training to gain the upper hand in the battle after several days of intense fighting Caesar emerged Victorious forcing pompey's forces to retreat declaring Caesar as the new leader of Rome when Caesar made it back to Rome the crowds were chanting hail Caesar hail Caesar the people then decided that he would be the dictator of Rome for Life Caesar immediately set to work implementing a series of reforms and policies aimed at improving ordinary Romans lives and strengthen winning the central government's power he ordered the construction of new infrastructure such as roads Bridges and aqueducts which helped to connect different parts of the city and improve trade and commerce Caesar also enacted a series of political and social reforms including granting citizenship to many people living in the Roman Empire and creating new laws and customs that were based on Roman practices he encouraged the spread of the Latin language and culture throughout the city and established the Julian calendar which is the basis of the calendar we use today however Caesar's Reign was short-lived because two years later in 44 BC he was stabbed to death by two loyal Senators Cassius and Brutus the assassination of Caesar led the Roman world into disarray the world was filled with factions vying for government control without a strong leader [Music] Octavian sees her son who was 18 then came to Rome to claim his inheritance and assert his place in the political landscape he quickly aligned himself with Caesar's loyal Lieutenant Mark Anthony together they defeated Caesar's assassins at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BCE however tension soon arose between Octavian and Anthony as both men vied for control of the Roman Empire in 31 BCE their forces clashed in the naval battle of actium which resulted in Octavian emerging as the clear Victor Anthony fled to Egypt with his lover Cleopatra and the two committed suicide the following year with Anthony's defeat Octavian emerged as the Undisputed ruler of Rome in 27 BCE he was appointed Augustus and became the first Roman Emperor foreign augustus's Reign a man who would change the world was born in the Roman occupied city of Bethlehem Jesus Christ The Gospel of Luke says in those days a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be registered this was the first registration when quirinius was governor of Syria and all went to be registered each to his own town Luke 2 1-3 this census was an essential factor in Roman society because it established the population counts in these various communities making it possible to tax these various citizens so the highly pregnant Mary and her betrothed husband Joseph had to travel 90 miles on foot from Nazareth to Bethlehem to complete this legally required Roman census when they arrived in Bethlehem many other descendants of the king of David or members of the Jewish faith were also going to Bethlehem for the census they found out that there was no room for them in the in so they were forced to take shelter in a stable where Mary gave birth to Jesus Jesus was later named King of the Jews after Jesus's birthday and the completion of the census Mary and Joseph returned to Nazareth with their extraordinary son as the years of Jesus went on stories about him grew more and more followers began to worship Jesus as their Messiah they claimed that he can catch an endless amount of fish they claim that he can cure the Blind and they claim that he was the son of God so these followers specifically his disciples started to write down his entire life Journey four of his closest disciples Matthew Mark Luke and John wrote down the main chunks of the book in these parts called gospels each of these gospels covered almost all of the same events The Narrative life of Jesus Christ this narrative testimony of a child born in a stable changed the world forever [Music] even though many loved Jesus some viewed him as a threat Emperor Tiberius succeeded Augustus and reigned from 14 A.D to 37 A.D Tiberius was Notorious for his delators a network of informants rewarded for spying and Reporting on suspected traitors and criminals criminals reported on by the deletors had to face a treason trial often resulting in executions or forced suicides his prefect of Judea at the time Pontius Pilate was no stranger to the harsh punishment of traitors as Jesus was influencing more and more people he became more of a political threat so following the guidelines of Emperor Tiberius pilate was given no practical political Choice other than to execute Jesus on the cross Roman law was evident then one must follow the emperor's will or else they will perish as Jesus was crucified on lacrosse a new religion was born Christianity in the beginning Christianity was just a small sect of Judaism nevertheless its growth would be unparalleled Paul of Taurus would take the word of his chosen Lord across the known World from Greece to Turkey to Syria the word of Jesus Christ spread his missionary Tales are now documented in the New Testament as the book of Acts the more Paul went to different places the more followers he gained on the same token it created more enemies The Divide between monotheism and polytheism was on the rise it was beginning to get a lot tougher for Romans to accept a religious population that didn't believe in Gods like Mars and Jupiter so in the great fire of Rome occurred in July of 64 A.D emperor Nero quickly blamed it on the Christians the great fire was an event that destroyed two-thirds of the city of Rome so in order to pay for these massive repairs Nero instituted heavy tributes across the Empire to meet at least a proportion of the costs Nero also started to print more Roman currency creating an inflationary effect for the first time in the Empire's history however the individuals who lived under Roman rule which wasn't in Rome proper were upset by this new policy so in the holy city of Jerusalem in 66 A.D a Revolt was on at first the first Jewish Revolt succeeded and the Jewish forces quickly expelled the unprepared Roman army then the rebels gained some Traction in the neighboring villages in Galilee in response the Roman Emperor Nero sent the general Vespasian to meet the Jewish forces an Endeavor that pushed most Rebels into Jerusalem proper by the time Vespasian was proclaimed Emperor n69 CE then around Passover and 70 A.D Vespasian and his forces Siege the city depleting it of food and water within the walls of Jerusalem the Jews started to quarrel within leaving them more vulnerable to attack by August the Romans breached the defenses killed much of the population and destroyed many of their holy sites with the Jews decimated the strength of polytheism lived long then in 98 to 117 A.D under Emperor trajan the Roman Empire was able to expand its greatest territorial extent spanning all the way from Modern Day Britain to the Persian Gulf Roman rule was everywhere well except for in the Americas because the Romans didn't even know they existed in the Americas we can see the growth of various civilizations across the Andes located in modern-day Peru in Chile the Mochi civilization was able to build Monumental structures like the Waka Del Sol and Waka De La Luna impressive pyramids that were the center of their religions they also created Advanced fertilization techniques that used bird droppings as fertilizer they are highly centralized government made everyone know their place in society while a little bit more south the Nazca civilization is one enthralled in mystery the people of Nazca created a series of large-scale geoglyph consisting of hundreds of individual figures including geometric shapes animals and human-like figures by removing the dark reddish-brown iron oxide coated Pebbles covering the surface of the Nazca desert these lines are now called Nazca Lines the purpose of which is still unknown to this day and subject to conspiracy theory today around 100 A.D the Zap Attack started establishing Monty Alban their Capital it was one of the first examples of urban planning in the Americas the city was laid out in a grid pattern with main roads and smaller side streets leading to plazas and public buildings the city was also divided into different districts each with specialized functions such as residential administrative and religious leaving it to be in use for a thousand years after that [Music] while back in Rome after the end of trajan's Reign in 117 A.D a new emperor with a purpose was in hand Hadrian was a man tasked with a near impossible keeping the massive Roman empire under one rule he first had to deal with a crisis with the newly colonized Roman Britain like their predecessors in Judea the Roman Brits did not like being Roman so they started to cause unrest and in the eyes of Hadrian a real threat of Revolution was on his mind so Hadrian had ordered a massive wall aptly named Hadrian's Wall which spanned almost Coast to Coast keeping it sunk in the conquered people's minds that the Romans were here staving off revolution in one region however in Galilee things weren't as peaceful Simon Barr kokba led a rebellion of the Jewish people to free themselves from Roman rule as you see Rome was developing a new city called Alia capitalina over the ruins of Jerusalem from the last Revolt with temples dedicated to polytheistic Gods like Jupiter by 132 barcopa took the bottle of Nasi head of state many Jews regarded him as the Messiah who would save the Jewish people and restore their independence kogba's troops would storm Ilia capitalina almost knocking out entirely the Roman Garrison controlling the city Hadrian though would not have it so he sent a force of a hundred twenty thousand men to the lands of Judea to conquer and force the Jewish people into submission as Cassius Dio says in the history of Rome 50 of their most important outposts and 985 of their most famous villages were raised 580 000 men were slain in the various raids and battles and the number of those that pair perished by famine disease and fire was past finding out thus nearly the whole of Judea was made desolate History of Rome 69.14 1-2 Rome made it clear that it was not to be taken lightly while in China the message was quite different the ideas of Buddhism were spreading along with the Chinese philosophies of Confucianism and taoism and built a dynasty these three philosophies work together to make the Han Dynasty stronger and more united in many ways while in America the Mayan Architects went across Northern patent and designed a series of short broad temples with wide staircases flanked by enormous stucco masks these stucco masks were made of plaster and some burned in powdered Limestone the Mayans built these Stone armatures into elaborate deity faces to capture the soul of the Gods and bring it to the people a temple like the E7 sub yes historians named Mayan temples like military submarines is a pyramid with 16 stucco masks each allows us to go deeper into the souls of these deities of the past in the Middle East a new Empire was emerging with roots in the past a man named ardish year claimed to have Royal Blood that traced all the way back to Cyrus the Great ardishere claimed that he should be the true ruler of the Persian Empire not those frauds of the parthians ardish year was able to unite the various tribes of Persia in 224 A.D artisier the first led his forces against the party and King artavenous V in a significant battle at hermasgun the sasanian forces known for their Cavalry defeated the parthians and captured artavenus V with this Victory ardish here the first declared himself King and established the sasanian Empire ardish year the first quickly established a centralized government and built a new capital at tejafon on the Tigris River he re-established the zoroastrian religion which had been suppressed by the parthians as the Empire's official religion he also built a powerful military machine with skilled Cavalry and archers he began to expand his territory by conquering neighboring regions as the parthians were on their way out so were the Han the Han Dynasty's downfall was marked by political instability economic problems external threats internal rebellions and power struggles the weakening of central Authority allowed Regional Warlords to seize power and the government's attempts to address economic issues were unsuccessful external threats and rebellions weakened the dynasty even further a warlord named Sao P declared himself Emperor and established the Wei Dynasty officially ending the Han Dynasty while back in Rome emperor Diocletian 284-305 faced a problem Rome was becoming too large and impossible to manage so Diocletian created the Tetra key and divided the region into four where each region was governed by a separate Emperor within the Tetra key there were two types of Emperors Augustus and Caesars Diocletian chose maximian to be his equal to Augustus in contrast galaris and constantius were appointed to be Caesars however this system created uncontrolled chaos and Anarchy each Emperor had desires for power and ambition and it all came to a head in 305 when power shifted both Diocletian and maximian retired and in 306 constantius died three out of the four original leaders were left out of the system leading to a power vacuum to come emperor Constantine the Great was appointed by his father's Army unilaterally as an Augustus and a Caesar at the same time to replace his father at the same time maximum's son maxentius felt as though he should have been appointed Caesar instead of Valeria Severus so in 307 maxentia sent his army and forced Valerius Severus to surrender come 308 galleris appointed lucinius to replace him so on the west side of Rome two Emperors wanted to rule Constantine ruled over Gaul in Britain and maxentius ruled Italy and North Africa mcsentius had a difficult time consolidating his power and he faced increasing resistance from the people of Rome to try and secure his hold on power maxentius ordered the construction of a new bridge across the Tiber River near Rome known as the milvian Bridge Constantine saw maxentius as a threat to his power so he decided to march on Rome to confront him as the two armies approached each other near the milvian bridge Constantine had a vision of a cross in the sky with the words in this sign conquer some accounts suggest that this Vision may have been a dream or a hallucination While others suggest that it may have been a sign from God regardless of the nature of the vision Constantine took it as a sign that he would be victorious in battle if he fought under the sign of the Christian cross he had his soldiers paint this symbol on their Shields and Banners and he went into battle with renewed Vigor and confidence the battle was fierce and brutal with both sides suffering heavy losses maxentius had a larger Army but his troops were spread out and disorganized Constantine was able to take advantage of this and he was able to push maxentius's forces back towards the Tiber River in the chaos of the retreat accentius was forced off the milvian bridge and into the water where he drowned shortly after his victory Constantine met licinia said mediolanum modern Milan to confirm several political and dynastic arrangements to produce the Edict of Milan this edict gave power for Eastern Rome to the sinius and Constantine's Soul power of the West more importantly though this document extended religious tolerance for Christians and restored any properties confiscated from them during the persecution however the peaceful coexistence of both rulers was short-lived though the edict allowed for the safety of Christians the sinius was still very much a paganist their differences started to grow all came near the city of chrysopolis in 324 A.D where both armies went and fought Constantine's military might was on display he was able to force the Eastern Roman army towards the sea leaving many to be killed or captured Constantine was declared the sole leader of Rome and lassinius was declared dead by hanging he renamed the Eastern Roman capital from Byzantium to Constantinople to celebrate his victory then in 325 A.D Constantine presided over the First Council of nicia when the 300 Bishops established the now famous Nicene Creed which declared that Jesus Christ was begotten not made and of one substance with the father Constantine was finally baptized as a Christian on his deathbed in 337 A.D foreign come 370 A.D a new player was on the scenes the Huns were a barbaric nomadic civilization who were masters of warfare according to Legends they were taught horsemanship as early as the age of three also they would attack their own with a sword to teach them how to endure pain these people weren't to be messed lightly with when they crossed the Volga River in 370 on their horses and lusted for blood the Allen civilization didn't stand much chance two years later they attacked the ostrogoths an Eastern tribe of Germanic Goths who harassed the Roman Empire by frequently attacking their territories by 376 the Huns had attacked the Visigoths the Western tribe of Goths and forced them to seek Sanctuary within the Roman Empire as the Huns dominated goth and visigoth lands they earned a new reputation as the new Barbarians in town and seemed adoptable by 395 A.D they began invading Roman domains and some Roman Christians believed they were devils who arrived Straight From Hell the reason they started invading Rome was because of the death of theodosius the great his shining achievement as Emperor was keeping the Goths and the Huns at Bay but on death he decided to follow the ideas of Diocletian and split the Empire up again splitting up control between his two sons arcadius in the East and honorius in the west making theodosius the last leader of a United Rome with honorius in charge the incapable general made Western Rome an easy target to be bullied the Visigoths looking for a new place to live had their eyes set on Rome so throughout the early 410s the Visigoths ransacked various Roman cities then on August 24th 410 the visigoth sacked Rome taking control of this historic City it was the first time in nearly 800 years that a foreign army occupied the city of Rome however the Visigoths couldn't maintain control of Rome instead they continued to ransack Roman territories until they established their Kingdom in 418 in modern day Spain while the prospects of existence weren't so much better in eastern Rome the notorious Attila the Hun was gaining power and his brutal tactics called him the scourge of God after a failed peace attempt in 441 Attila and his army stormed through the Balkans and the danuban frontier another peace treaty was forged in 442 but Attila attacked again in 443 killing ransacking and pillaging his way to the well-fortified city of Constantinople however due to constantinople's high walls Attila couldn't conquer it instead Attila was able to muster another peace agreement he would leave Constantinople alone in exchange for an annual tribute of 2100 pounds of gold a staggering sum then in 451 the Huns invaded the Gauls allowing the once enemies of the Visigoths and the Romans to wise up and work together to fight the Hun according to Legend the night before the imminent battle Attila consulted sacrificed bones and saw that thousands of his army would fall in the fight the next day his premonition came true in the battle of the catalonian Plains after hours of ferocious fighting tens of thousands of soldiers lay dead giving Attila his first and only military defeat in history however even after the loss Attila and his army marched on and returned to Italy continuously ravaging the cities in 452 with Roman's sight he met Pope Leo the first who acted as an emissary between Attila and Rome there's no record of what they discussed still according to Legend the apparitions of Saint Paul and Saint Peter appeared to Attila they threatened to kill him if he didn't negotiate with Pope Leo the first Attila decided to pull out of Italy in return to the great Hungarian plane whether because of his fear of the Pope and his saintly allies or because of his troops were stretched too thin and weakened by malaria however the struggle for Western Rome wasn't over in 476 A.D the young Emperor Romulus Augustus had trouble keeping power for himself as many Romans felt he was illegitimate so the Eastern Roman Empire sent the Germanic General odesser and his mercenaries to suppress a Revolt by the Roman army in the region however instead of supporting the Eastern Roman Empire odaiser saw an opportunity to seize power for himself he turned against the Roman government and opposed the last Western Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus effectively marking the end of the Western Roman Empire as the steps of his victory odaiser was declared the king of Italy however odaiser's victory was short-lived because in 493 theodoric the great of the ostrogoths with the support of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno came in and created the ostrogothic kingdom of Italy sending odiasur to meet his fate while Europe was in the Crux of a Dark Age India under the Gupta Empire was in a mathematical Golden Age great mathematicians like Brahma Gupta started using zero as a placeholder and as various solutions for mathematical equations the astronomer arabata was able to calculate the circumference of the earth he proved the world was round long before it was globally accepted arabata was also able to develop methods for calculating pi and square roots however his crowning achievement was creating the concept of an asymptote which is a line that approaches the curve but never touches it.

Well thats it for this article, for more be sure to read the second part of this article..... tke care for now, bye.