THE BURNING OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF BRAZIL IN RIO DE JANEIRO

%National Museum of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro - the largest and oldest natural history museum in Latin America. It had just celebrated its 200th anniversary% when, in the evening on September 2nd, an electrical fire started on the ground floor of the museum. As the night progressed, it grew into an inferno that devastated the building and destroyed almost all of the collections it preserved. Within 10 hours, it was clear the destruction was immense: an estimated 18 million objects and specimens were turned to smoke and ash. Among the items lost were 30,000 artifacts from indigenous Brazilian communities, along with recordings of languages that no longer have living speakers. The entomology collection was destroyed when the floor it was stored on collapsed. It contained 5 million specimens, including a number of holotypes, which are the single individual animal on which its entire species is based. Without holotypes, future specimen identifications become all but impossible.

Museu Nacional - the National Museum of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro - had just celebrated its 200th anniversary when, in the evening on September 2nd, an electrical fire started on the ground floor. As the night progressed, it grew into an inferno that devastated the building and destroyed almost all of its collections. Within 10 hours, it was clear that the destruction was immense: an estimated 18 million objects and specimens were turned to smoke and ash. Among the items lost were 30,000 artifacts from indigenous Brazilian communities alongside recordings of languages that no longer have living speakers. The entomology collection was destroyed when the floor it was stored on collapsed; it contained 5 million specimens including a number of holotypes which are the single individual animal on which its entire species is based without them becoming all but impossible identification for future specimen identifications becomes increasingly difficult

The Museum had also contained dozens of the best-preserved pterosaur fossils in the world,

and a wealth of other fossil discoveries from the last two centuries.

Other losses have begun to be quantified, but in many ways, the destruction was, and

is, immeasurable.

I was devastated to hear the news of the fire.

The loss of the collections in Rio isn’t only felt by Brazilians or those who work

in museums today: for anyone with a curiosity about the world, its histories, cultures,

and the life it has supported -- the fire represents an entire robbery of the global

knowledge that was amassed over hundreds of years by just as many people.

This loss - what we learn, and how we recover from it - is something I’ve been trying

to understand in the months since that fire first broke out -- so, I wanted to talk with

someone directly impacted by these events.

Paleontologist Beatriz Hörmanseder was a master’s student working in the museum at

the time of the fire.

She was in the process of describing a new species of extinct crocodile, known from a

single specimen, that was among those items destroyed.

Beatriz: I study fossil crocodiles and i was studying one species that was from the Ceará

region and this particular crocodile was really different from the others in this region.

So it probably was a really important species for this, for my study, and I lost it.

I even saw where it was when it came out and it was just dirt and nothing was there.

Emily: Do you remember your first thoughts upon hearing that there was a fire in the

National Museum?

Beatriz: Well, I was at home, all of the sudden somebody said:"the museum is on fire."I can

remember, I stand for something like three hours in front of the television watching

fire enter every room - in the entomology collection, and now the fire got into the

archaeology and the mummies and my department, the paleontology department, was the last

one to burn.

Emily:Do you remember some of the thoughts that were going through your head?

Beatriz: At first we couldn't believe it, the fire, it felt like a movie or something

like that.

Then we started to, with all the museum community, we started talking all together.

In the next morning of the fire we were just: hmm -- what's left?

In the days after the fire, the burned remains of books, field notes, and stories floated

down near the museum, acting as a constant reminder of the catastrophe.

Many people felt compelled to collect the larger scraps as tokens of their relationship

to the museum.

A hashtag emerged on social media as a means of allowing Brazilians to follow the response

and recovery process: “Museu Nacional Vive,” or “The National Museum is Alive.”

An exhibition with the same name was created to remind the nation that, although much had

been lost, not everything was gone: some of the museum’s collections were stored in

an annex offsite and had been unharmed.

Alongside items from the remaining collections were the artifacts that had been salvaged

from the community, as a reminder that there still exists a foundation for future research

at the museum.

And, hope began emerging elsewhere: Luzia was one of the oldest human skeleton ever

found in Latin America and of huge importance to the museum.

These remains were thought to have been destroyed in the fire but in the following months news

of Luzia’s recovery spread across social media and conservation work on the remains

are underway.

Today, museum staff continue sharing updates on newly published research as well as photos

and stories of the museum’s recovery to keep the community informed of all progress.

The losses the Museu Nacional suffered triggered an outpouring of international support.

Germany pledged 1 million euros, and resources secured by the Brazilian authorities for reconstruction

amount to more than $15 million US dollars.

Other countries have donated materials: France gifted close to a thousand books allowing

the museum’s library, which had held the most important social sciences collection

in Latin America, to begin restocking their shelves.

But some researchers, like Bea - whose primary specimen was destroyed - were confronted with

not only the obstacle of recovering from a national tragedy, but also tasked with reimagining

their entire areas of research.

An emergency program was developed by the Museum, in partnership with the Smithsonian

Institution to help students like her.

Beatriz:Passing by, we got some support from other institutions and then Smithsonian came

and I got to see the paleontology collection there and the American Museum collection and

Yale Peabody Museum.

It was -- it saved my thesis, it absolutely saved it and I'm really grateful for them.

After the fire - wanting to address her feeling of loss - Bea got a tattoo of the museum’s

facade on her arm.

It sparked interest in her colleagues.

Without meaning to, she had created a movement among those directly impacted by the fire,

and through body art, strengthened the bond of their shared experience.

Emily: You've got a pretty awesome tattoo.

Bea:Thank you.

Emily:Do you think this has been a really important part of that healing process?

Bea: For everybody who is impacted.. the National Museum of Brazil, it's like a tradition when

you're from Rio, and you're a small kid, just to go there at least once in your life so

everyone in Rio had gone to the Museum.

Everybody was a little bit happier.

I could feel it and wasn't so afraid of what they lost.

The tattoo project helped me to pass time and heal, some, Idon't know what, to have

just keep moving and get in touch with somebody.

"Your tattoo is next week, okay?" or something like that.

The Museu Nacional disaster had an impact in many ways, ranging from personal to global

expressions of loss.

The inability to go back in time - to recreate collections, or to take preventative actions

against a disaster of this nature - is a reality that’s difficult to come to terms with for

many people, myself included.

On an individual scale dozens of people like Bea, having lost their objects of research,

changed the course of their careers, their lives, and the ways in which they participate

in their local and scientific communities.

On a global scale, we lost materials that held knowledge important for all of humanity,

and stories precious to our identities as people.

So while there is no way to recover all that was destroyed - we can continue to make conscious

decisions about what we preserve today.

Bea: It's not easy to talk about the museum.

Emily: No.

Bea:It's - it's a long time ago, but it's, it's still there.

And it will forever be here.