The Fly That Lives Entirely Underwater
Boiling water, toxic lakes, and this insect just keeps swimming.
Flies usually live short, annoying lives on land.
They buzz. They land on food. They dart around your head. And then they disappear.
But in one of the harshest lakes on Earth, there's a fly that has turned its back on dry land altogether. No buzzing in kitchens. No swarming over fruit. This fly dives — and stays — underwater.
Meet Ephydra hians, the alkali fly.
It lives in Mono Lake, California — a place where almost nothing else can survive.
And yet, this little fly thrives.
The Deadliest Spa on Earth
Mono Lake isn’t your average lake.
It’s a hypersaline, highly alkaline body of water — basically, it's full of salt and carbonates, and has a pH of around 10, which is similar to household bleach.
It’s so salty and alkaline that:
- Fish can’t live there
- Most plants die instantly
- The lake feels slippery and thick, almost like soap
But somehow, the alkali fly has adapted to live in it full time, swimming, feeding, and even laying eggs underwater.
It’s like a creature from another planet.
How Does a Fly Live Underwater?
Here’s the mind-blowing part:
Ephydra hians doesn’t just touch the water — it dives beneath the surface and stays down there to feed and lay eggs.
But flies need air… right?
Yes — and this fly brings its own bubble.
When it dives, it creates a tiny air pocket around its body using:
- Water-repellent hairs that trap air
- A protective film that works like a diving suit
- Natural oils that repel moisture
The result? It walks around underwater inside a shimmering silver air bubble, perfectly sealed from the toxic lake.
This air bubble lets the fly:
- Breathe through its spiracles (body breathing holes)
- Avoid chemical burns from the alkaline water
- Move freely to feed on algae and lay eggs
It's like a biological diving suit, no gadgets required.
Why Live in Such a Hostile Place?
Simple: no competition.
In Mono Lake, there's:
- No fish to eat the larvae
- No frogs or birds diving for the adults
- Plenty of algae for food
- And stable underwater spots for egg-laying
In fact, their main predator is the California gull — which waits on the shore to snack on the adult flies when they come up. But in the water, the flies are untouchable.
By living where nothing else dares to go, the alkali fly has carved out a perfect little empire for itself.
The Science of Adaptation
Researchers have studied Ephydra hians for decades. What they’ve discovered:
- Their eggs can survive extreme salinity
- The larvae are tough enough to grow in chemical-rich mud
- Their air bubble diving suit is so effective, it inspired research into synthetic waterproof materials
Some scientists are even looking into how their biological coating could be mimicked in underwater robots or survival gear.
Once again, nature leads — and humans follow.
Observed by the Ancients
The alkali fly isn’t new.
It was actually documented in the 1800s by Mark Twain, who visited Mono Lake and was shocked to see flies “walking on the bottom” of the lake.
But long before that, the Indigenous Paiute people knew the flies well. They even harvested the pupae as a food source, rich in protein — kind of like underwater fly caviar.
Small, Tough, and Absolutely Unique
The alkali fly may look ordinary, but it’s one of the toughest insects on Earth:
- It lives in a lake that would kill most life instantly
- It dives and walks underwater with no gills
- It raises its young in salty, bleach-like sludge
- It has inspired materials science with nothing but body hair and air
It doesn’t need wings to survive.
It just needs to dive deeper than anyone else dares.
About the Creator
US Balks as UK and France Pledge Troops to Postwar Ukraine
As the war in Ukraine grinds on with no clear end in sight, the debate over what comes after the fighting has taken a sharper turn. The United States has signalled reluctance about committing troops to Ukraine once the war ends, even as the United Kingdom and France openly pledge to consider deploying forces in a postwar security role. The divergence has exposed differing strategic priorities among Western allies and raised new questions about how Ukraine’s future security will be guaranteed. While all three nations remain united in their support for Kyiv during the war, the emerging split over postwar troop commitments highlights the complexity of planning for peace in a conflict that continues to reshape Europe’s security landscape. What the UK and France Are Proposing British and French leaders have increasingly spoken about the need for long-term security arrangements for Ukraine once active hostilities end. Their position reflects a growing concern that any ceasefire or peace agreement could be fragile, leaving Ukraine vulnerable to renewed aggression. The idea under discussion is not a combat deployment in an active war zone, but rather a stabilisation or reassurance force. Such troops could help train Ukrainian forces, protect critical infrastructure, and serve as a visible deterrent against future attacks. Supporters argue that a limited but credible international presence would help ensure that any peace settlement is respected. For London and Paris, this approach fits within a broader European push to take more responsibility for continental security. Both governments see Ukraine not only as a partner but as a frontline state whose stability directly affects Europe as a whole. Why Washington Is Hesitant The United States, while remaining Ukraine’s most significant military backer during the war, has taken a more cautious stance on postwar troop deployments. American officials have stressed that there are no plans to send US forces into Ukraine, even after a potential peace agreement. This hesitation is rooted in several factors. First, Washington remains wary of any move that could risk a direct confrontation with Russia. Even in a postwar scenario, the presence of US troops on Ukrainian soil could be portrayed by Moscow as a provocation, escalating tensions rather than reducing them. Second, domestic considerations play a major role. After years of overseas military engagements, there is limited appetite among the American public and political class for new long-term deployments abroad, particularly in a region where risks remain high and outcomes uncertain. Finally, US strategy has increasingly emphasised supporting allies through funding, training, and equipment rather than large-scale troop commitments. From Washington’s perspective, enabling Ukraine to defend itself may be preferable to stationing American forces on the ground. A Question of Deterrence At the heart of the debate lies a fundamental question: what will actually deter future aggression against Ukraine? The UK and France appear to believe that a physical presence, however limited, would send a powerful signal of commitment. Troops on the ground would demonstrate that Ukraine’s security is directly tied to that of major European powers, raising the cost of any future attack. The US, by contrast, seems to place greater faith in alternative mechanisms such as long-term military aid, security guarantees, and sanctions frameworks. American officials argue that deterrence does not necessarily require boots on the ground, especially if Ukraine emerges from the war better armed and more integrated with Western institutions. This difference reflects broader strategic cultures. European powers, facing the immediate proximity of the conflict, may feel a stronger need for visible reassurance measures, while the US assesses risks from a more global perspective. Implications for NATO Unity Although Ukraine is not a NATO member, the discussion has clear implications for the alliance. Any deployment of UK or French troops would be closely scrutinised for what it means for NATO’s role and credibility. NATO operates on consensus, and the absence of US support for a postwar troop presence could complicate coordination. Even if London and Paris act independently or as part of a smaller coalition, questions would remain about command structures, rules of engagement, and the political backing required for such a mission. At the same time, the situation underscores a broader shift within NATO, with European members increasingly expected to shoulder more responsibility. If the UK and France proceed with their plans, it could mark a significant step toward a more autonomous European security posture. Ukraine’s Perspective For Kyiv, the debate is both encouraging and frustrating. On one hand, the willingness of major European powers to consider troop deployments signals long-term commitment and recognition of Ukraine’s security concerns. On the other hand, uncertainty from the US—Ukraine’s most powerful ally—adds another layer of unpredictability. Ukrainian leaders have consistently argued that security guarantees must be concrete, not symbolic. From their perspective, any postwar arrangement must ensure that Russia cannot simply regroup and strike again. Whether this is achieved through foreign troops, binding treaties, or accelerated integration with Western institutions remains an open question. What is clear is that Ukraine wants assurances that go beyond promises and declarations. The Risk of Mixed Signals One potential danger of the current divergence is the message it sends to Moscow. Differing positions among Western allies could be interpreted as hesitation or lack of unity, potentially weakening deterrence rather than strengthening it. At the same time, open debate is not necessarily a sign of weakness. Allies often disagree on tactics while remaining aligned on broader goals. The challenge will be ensuring that these differences do not undermine the core objective of securing a stable and sovereign Ukraine. Diplomats on both sides of the Atlantic are likely to continue working behind the scenes to narrow the gap, even if public statements suggest a clear divide. Looking Ahead The question of postwar Ukraine remains largely theoretical while fighting continues. Yet the discussion itself reveals how seriously Western governments are taking the long-term consequences of the conflict. The UK and France’s willingness to pledge troops reflects a belief that peace must be actively protected. The US reluctance highlights concerns about escalation, sustainability, and domestic support. Reconciling these approaches will be one of the most important diplomatic challenges once the guns eventually fall silent. For now, the disagreement does not signal a breakdown in alliance unity, but it does expose the difficult choices ahead. As the war continues, planning for peace is proving almost as complex—and politically sensitive—as managing the conflict itself.
By Muhammad Hassan3 days ago in Earth
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