Are why and how the same? Stereotypes about groups exist in differing political situations, such as with, again, the belief that no one outside of America has a legitimate opinion on some political issue that affects everyone else in the world. Sometimes political scientists’ reasoning to justify the feelings of Americans does not get beyond justifying people’s feelings. Politics is not just a matter of empirical fact. For me to argue that certain people’s attitudes don’t really affect people’s judgments of others is not enough. I have to show why what some people feel doesn’t influence judgments of other people. What reason do people have to expect that?
Shapiro and I can get into arguments about particular political outcomes. There are two ways to explain them. One is through the standards and assumptions of political theory, that explain and explain why people believe certain things. The other is through the news media, and in particular their depiction of people with certain political beliefs, their motives, their claims, and their disagreements. The first way creates unnecessary rules and political complications that are based on judgments of individuals rather than arguments about facts.
Political debates rarely break out when people are sharing opinions to argue on facts. Political debates are usually about what kind of political ideas people have. But there are no facts about that. The only reason people debate politics is to justify people’s feelings. In my opinion, political debates have been overly influenced by the feelings that people have toward people they disagree with.
Shapiro doesn’t consider what I’m saying when he is arguing against the principles that justify public discourse, but I believe that good judgment is about principles and not feelings. I’m not sure if he even understands the idea of honesty, although he thinks it is important. So I’m going to explain how this idea of honesty relates to the way we have to think about good judgment.
Since, by the standards of honesty, all of us have to think of ourselves in a way that others can explain to themselves, maybe a crucial point is to explain to ourselves what our identities are, what we’re motivated to do, and how our motives motivate us. When people are motivated by something that’s true and honorable, then it doesn’t matter what else they do. They will act on that goal, on principles, and that’s a fact. When people’s motives change, then there is no objective truth and there are no objective principles. I know that Shapiro is capable of criticizing the media on topics like political debates and that what they say doesn’t affect me, but if we are in the business of not saying one thing to one group and another thing to the other group then that changes the facts. And the facts are not consistent with how people feel about some issues.
Honesty is believing in the truth of the facts.
Behavior is met with praise and applause and contempt. In fact, most non-detailed modern cases, scholars actually have, much more success with explaining why various behaviors are commendable and not shameful. They can explain why, when the plaintiff is accused of rape, she was actually ashamed and hopeless, and expressed that, even if she was completely innocent of the crime. They explain how, when a judge ruled that this defendant should be exonerated of a murder, his motivation, even in the face of the verdict and guilty verdict was gratitude for the hard work he had done for the victim. So are the many judges, lawyers, and jurors who raise questions about the lack of consequences for people who do unjust things. Although judges and jurors are not trained to teach their meaning to students, most judges and jurors that I have talked with explain the reasons for these judgments with conviction.
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