Non-invasive eye test for multiple diseases to advance under $4.8M NIH award

Groundbreaking Research at Indiana University Uses the Eye to Detect Early Signs of Major Diseases

October 11, 2024

Introduction: Oculomics – A New Window into Health

Researchers at the Indiana University (IU) School of Optometry and the IU Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering are pioneering the field of "oculomics," an emerging approach that uses the eye as a diagnostic tool to detect early signs of systemic health conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, heart disease, and more. Supported by a new initiative from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), IU scientists are working on next-generation ophthalmic technology that could revolutionize healthcare by offering non-invasive and cost-effective early detection of serious diseases.

NIH Grant Supports Innovative Research in Oculomics

Dr. Stephen A. Burns, a professor at the IU School of Optometry, has been awarded a three-year, $4.8 million grant as a principal investigator in the NIH Venture Program's Oculomics Initiative. The funding is intended to support the development of high-precision ophthalmoscopes — instruments capable of providing detailed scans of the eye's interior to identify early biomarkers for a wide range of diseases. Dr. Burns is collaborating with Dr. Eleftherios Garyfallidis, an associate professor at the IU Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, on this groundbreaking project. Other co-investigators include prominent researchers from Northwestern University, Stanford University, and the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai.

The Eye as a Lens on the Body

The retina is the only part of the central nervous system that is directly observable, making the eye a unique and valuable tool for detecting signs of systemic diseases. According to Dr. Burns, “We want to give healthcare providers the clearest view they can get into the body, non-invasively.” Through the use of adaptive optics, the team is able to observe the eye at microscopic resolutions, allowing them to detect subtle changes in the blood vessels of the retina that may signal underlying health problems.

Pioneering Technology in Ophthalmoscopy

Dr. Burns and his team have been at the forefront of applying adaptive optics to ophthalmology, a technology originally developed by astronomers to eliminate distortions in telescopic images caused by Earth’s atmosphere. Similarly, the optics of the human eye can distort light, but with adaptive optics, these distortions are corrected, allowing for unprecedented clarity when observing the eye’s blood vessels and other structures.

Using this advanced technology, the team has developed an ophthalmoscope capable of observing the back of the eye with a resolution as small as two microns — allowing for the detection of individual red blood cells. This level of detail has already proven useful in identifying biomarkers for conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, as well as detecting abnormalities like the sickle-shaped red blood cells indicative of sickle cell anemia.

Collaborative Effort to Advance Eye-Based Diagnostics

The project brings together experts from multiple fields, including ophthalmology, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning. Dr. Garyfallidis is leading the integration of AI and machine learning to automate the analysis of eye scans. This will allow for faster and more accurate diagnoses, potentially reducing the time it takes to interpret scan results from days to mere minutes.

By the first year of the project, the team plans to synchronize their instruments across multiple research labs, including those at Northwestern University and Stanford University. This collaboration will pave the way for the development of a unified device that combines cutting-edge optical imaging and AI-driven analysis, capable of detecting early warning signs of heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and other conditions that affect the vascular system.

From the Lab to Clinical Practice

The long-term goal of this research is to make the technology widely available in clinical settings, such as annual eye exams. Dr. Burns notes that up to 80 percent of individuals over the age of 60 may have at least one health condition that could be detected in the eye. By developing a non-invasive, cost-effective method for early diagnosis, this research could have a significant impact on public health, particularly as the population ages.

In the final year of the project, the team will validate the technology through clinical testing with volunteer participants. Data gathered from these tests will be used to refine the instruments, ensuring they can accurately differentiate between conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.

A Promising Future for Oculomics

The NIH selected the project for its high potential to accelerate scientific advancements. The venture fund is designed to support initiatives that can quickly move from the lab to real-world applications. As Dr. Burns explains, the challenge now is to refine the technology’s selectivity and specificity: “We need to show that we can detect the differences between conditions and interpret the signs of various diseases accurately.”

If successful, this project could transform the way healthcare providers detect and diagnose a wide range of conditions, offering earlier, less invasive, and more affordable alternatives to current diagnostic methods such as PET scans or biopsies.

Conclusion

With the continued support of the NIH and collaboration across several leading universities, IU’s Oculomics Initiative is poised to make significant strides in early disease detection. The innovative use of the eye as a diagnostic tool could pave the way for a future where routine eye exams could help detect major health conditions long before symptoms appear, ultimately saving lives and reducing healthcare costs.