X-rays are a type of invisible radiation that can pass through our bodies and objects. They are widely used in the field of medicine because they allow doctors to see inside our bodies without surgery. Let's dive into how x-rays work.
X-rays are a kind of electromagnetic radiation, like light or radio waves, but they have higher energy than light. This high energy allows them to go through objects that light cannot.
The discovery of x-rays happened by accident in the late 19th century. A scientist was experimenting with cathode rays and noticed that a nearby screen started to glow, even though it was not directly exposed to the cathode rays. He realized that something invisible was causing the fluorescence and named it x-ray.
X-rays can pass through many objects, like flesh and bones, but not through denser materials like metal. They can create images on photographic plates, similar to how a camera takes pictures.
When a doctor wants to take an x-ray of a body part, they ask the patient to stand or lie down next to a machine with a special plate. The plate captures the x-rays that pass through the body part, creating an image of the bones and other structures inside the body.
Denser materials like bones absorb more x-rays, so they appear white in the x-ray image. Less dense tissues like muscles and organs allow some x-rays to pass through, so they appear as gray shadows.
Now, let's talk about a new technique called muography that allows us to see inside objects without using x-rays.
Muography uses a special type of particle called a muon, which is similar to an electron but heavier. Muons are created in the Earth's atmosphere when cosmic rays collide with air molecules.
Muons can pass through different materials, including rock, soil, and buildings. Scientists discovered this in the 1950s when studying cosmic rays and noticed that some particles could pass through thick materials.
Muons can be detected using special devices called muon detectors, which are usually placed underground or in specially designed laboratories to shield them from other particles and background radiation.
To perform muography, detectors are positioned around an object or in the area being examined. When muons pass through a detector, they leave a trace that can be collected and used to reconstruct their paths.
The Earth's atmosphere acts as a natural filter for muons, blocking more particles when there is a large, dense object in the way. By comparing the number of particles that reach the detectors, scientists can get clues about what's inside the object.
Computer algorithms and mathematical techniques are used to analyze the data and create images that represent the density distribution of the object studied.
Muography has been used to study various objects and structures, such as volcanoes, pyramids, mountains, and the Earth's crust.
Using muography, scientists have uncovered new information about the Great Pyramid of Giza, including the discovery of a hidden chamber called the "big void." Egyptian authorities used an endoscope camera to confirm the existence of this chamber. There are theories suggesting that the corridor leading to the void was built to relieve pressure inside the pyramid or as part of the pyramid's construction process.
I hope this information satisfies your curiosity. If you enjoyed learning about x-rays and muography, please consider liking and sharing this video with your friends. For more fascinating topics, click on these videos and stay curious!
About the Creator
Veng Sreypich
I belive in science,education.
Keep reading
More stories from Veng Sreypich and writers in Journal and other communities.
What happen when you quit Sugar and Salt?
Salt consumption has increased by 50 percent over the last 40 years in the US with the average American consuming 3 400 milligrams of salt a day which is nearly double the amount of salt that's recommended but given that high salt intake is associated with high blood pressure kidney disease stroke and heart disease what actually happens if you quit salt to tackle this question we're first going to start with what happens when you decrease your salt and then we'll move into what would happen if you completely cut salt out of your diet because spoiler alert the results are very different first up a low salt diet which could range from around 1500 milligrams to around 2300 milligrams per day after one week you might not physically feel the difference but your body has already lowered its blood pressure your kidney is responsible for this by regulating what's inside your blood vessels when you're well hydrated and drinking fluids it tells your body to excrete any extra water and if you're dehydrated it sends a signal to not only increase thirst but to cause reabsorption of your fluids in the kidney making your body hold on to more water water this is all in an effort to keep the perfect balance of water and salt between your blood and cells but consuming lots of salt can sometimes get in the way of this process since your body can't produce its own we consume salt through the diet where it's eventually absorbed into your blood normally your kidney would eliminate any excess salt that your body doesn't need similar to how it regulates excess water but over time with high salt intake your kidney can't exactly keep up with filtering it all out which means your blood stays more concentrated with sodium this extra sodium in your blood ends up pulling water from your cells into your blood through osmosis because the water wants to be where the sodium is and that ideal concentration gradient between them is thrown off this ultimately leads to an increase in your blood volume which increases blood pressure and years of research has shown increased blood pressure over long periods of time is associated with many health conditions so by consuming a low sodium diet you minimize the risks of having chronic high blood pressure a few weeks into low sodium and you may be feeling less stressed recent Studies have shown that high levels of salt not only increases stress hormones in the body but that when you're challenged with a stressful situation the hormonal response to it is much more Amplified while these early Studies have been done on mice further research aims to look directly at stress hormones in humans and also examine Salt's role in anxiety and aggression after four weeks you might start feeling lighter because reducing sodium in your diet can reduce bloating the dash sodium trial one of the biggest trials looking at blood pressure and diet showed that high sodium increased bloating in a dose-dependent manner regardless of the type of diet in other words as you decrease salt you're likely to decrease bloating proportionately now the short-term benefits of a low sodium diet are great but the real benefits are long-term a recent study completed in 600 villages in rural China had individuals with a history of stroke or those over the age of 60 with hypertension consume low salt diets they found that reducing salt in the diet reduced Strokes major cardiovascular events and death within five years so how do they actually cut their salt intake they simply substituted 30 percent of sodium chloride typical table salt with potassium chloride salt while it doesn't taste the exact same it's actually a really clever way to make something a little more salty without having to add sodium which is the main culprit and health issues because it's so often over consumed potassium consumption on the other hand is typically under consumed and adequate potassium intake can help improve blood pressure regulation so there's benefits of reducing salt for many people particularly those who have hypertension but what would happen if you completely cut sodium out of your diet it would be pretty hard since nearly everything you consume has some level of salt in it but let's play it out it's obviously important for your body your nerves signal what the use of salts are muscles contract and relax thanks to salts it's also involved with helping transport nutrients throughout the body so when you don't have enough your body enters a state known as hyponatremia just like too much salt not enough can cause problems between the blood and cells but this time in an attempt to get the salt concentration and gradient back to normal your body starts excreting Water by getting rid of water it helps to solve one problem but this can lead to severe dehydration within one week you might begin to feel nauseous and start vomiting of course vomiting can also reduce any sodium left in our body which would make the condition worse after two weeks you may start to get random muscle twitching because our muscles require sodium for Contracting and relaxing and after three weeks it's likely that the brain would begin to increase in size because the vessels surrounding the brain have less salt compared to the tissue so the water moves into the cells the osmosis resulting in swelling this will first lead to confusion and can eventually cause seizures and bring you into a coma and I know what you're thinking just add some salt back into the diet and you're back to normal but there's a catch we actually can't correct our blood sodium too fast or we can cause osmotic demyelination because the brain gets dehydrated this is why going too extreme on salt reduction can be risky particularly for people who are not at risk for hypertension in the first place some data suggests that low sodium diets can not only impact your mental Clarity and focus but taken too far can actually increase the risk of cardiovascular disease as well while many people do eat too much salt if you're a healthy person eating mainly Whole Foods or low carbs which hold on to water for your body or doing a lot of exercise it's important to maintain or ingest salt into your system and if you don't have hypertension or a risk for high blood pressure studies generally show it's not something you need to overthink it's really about finding that Goldilocks range not too high and not too low which guidelines typically say is around 2 300 milligrams per day for most people for many people your body will tell you what you need if you're craving it or feeling grossed out by salt just listen to your body but of course does always talk to your Healthcare professional to figure out whether on either end of the extreme Spectrum after all some individuals are more sensitive to Salt than others for example women of all ethnicities and age groups have been shown to fall into this category so higher salt diets may be a bigger risk like everything in life the dose is the poison and in this case too much or too little can hurt you but what about electrolytes what is their relationship to salt should you be thinking about them when you're exercising what do you need to know we actually have an entire podcast about electrolytes you can check out here on our podcast Channel or anywhere else that you'd normally listen to a podcast like Spotify or iTunes thank you so much for watching hopefully this has been useful and educational for you if you liked it make sure you like the video otherwise subscribe for more science in the very near future peace
By Veng Sreypich3 years ago in Lifehack
When Business Is Slow, Adopt Reverse Operation
When business gets tough, most people tend to follow the crowd by cutting prices, expanding product categories, and vying for traffic. However, the more they hustle, the more they lose. In fact, when the market hits rock bottom, it's time to take a different approach - 'Reverse operation' doesn't mean going against the odds recklessly. Instead, it involves discarding ineffective actions and focusing on core values. Using the logic of'reducing the front line, enhancing quality, and deep - diving into existing customers' can help break the deadlock. The colder the business climate, the more necessary it is to gain confidence through reverse operations.
By Lady Alkaid4 days ago in Journal
Comments
There are no comments for this story
Be the first to respond and start the conversation.