What is the connotation of humanism, and how to reflect it?

From the 14th century to the 16th century, great changes took place in European society, and the old power led by the Church gradually declined. With the great development of productive forces, textile, mining, shipbuilding and other industries made great progress, some urban republics began to emerge along the Mediterranean coast, and the society gave birth to a new capitalist mode of production, and new forces represented by the bourgeoisie began to rise. The new bourgeoisie also put forward new requirements in terms of spiritual culture, that is, culture suitable for their way of life, and the Renaissance began. The mainstream culture and Christianity and scholasticism, they are not able to adapt to the cultural needs of the new bourgeoisie, they (refers to the people at that time) need a thought movement (humanism) to express its claim, concrete is the main action, collect the ancient Greek, Roman culture literature, namely we say 'the Renaissance movement. 'But humanism is not in conflict with Christian thought. (the following Liu Xianbin teacher's Renaissance humanists and the relationship of Christianity) during the Renaissance, the humanist originally refers to read in Latin, and livelihood of the people, they act as a tutor in nobility and the homes of the rich, or in the church and other imperial government ACTS as a civilian, Later, it was further extended to refer to a group of intellectual elites who advocated and promoted new attitudes and beliefs related to the classical revival (humanistic spirit). Such a group of intellectual elites were deeply influenced by humanism in the Renaissance, but they came from the Middle ages, Christian theology left an indelible mark on their consciousness, the conflict or coexistence of two different values in their thoughts, resulting in their complex and contradictory attitudes towards Christianity. Humanist attitudes to Christianity and its teachings can be broadly divided into three categories. The first group of humanists believes that there is no contradiction between humanism and Christian religious belief. Most of them take Christian belief for granted and do not think that humanism and religious belief need special coordination. The main representatives of this kind of humanists are Giotto, Boro Marcello, Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael and so on. In the process of advocating humanism, they often adopt religious themes, such as Raphael's Madonna, full of maternal love, is completely a happy image of a young woman on earth. Leonardo Da Vinci's The Last Supper depicts the moment when Jesus announces to the Twelve that he has been betrayed. From the humanistic point of view, it reflects the attention to the complex psychological world of human beings, reflects the world's various conditions; From the point of view of religion, Christ in the painting presents himself to the world as a human being, and his universal spirit of giving his life to save the world shocks the believers far better than the enlightenment effect achieved by the rigid images in the middle Ages. Similarly, in numerous immortal humanistic works such as Genesis, Judgment of the Last Day, and Assumption of The Virgin Mary by Titian, the humanistic spirit and Christian faith are on a plane of harmonious coexistence and show their characteristics with the help of each other: On the one hand, with the help of religious themes, humanists praise human beings, pay attention to human values and pursue happiness in the world, so that the spirit of humanism can be highlighted. On the other hand, the sunny and beautiful tone of humanism highlights the justice, universal love and beauty of the afterlife of Christianity, enhancing the appeal of Christian faith to the public. The second group of humanists tries to integrate humanism with Christian doctrine. There are mainly Christian humanists represented by Erasmus and neo-Platonists represented by Feinot. Erasmus explored the original meaning and original doctrine of the Bible through his study of classical works. He argued that the original teachings of Christianity had been misinterpreted by medieval scholastics and had been lost to the corruption of the Catholic Church. Erasmus compiled the Greek New Testament bible and its new Latin translation, revealing and correcting many mistakes in the common Latin Bible of the Church. This practice attracted a large number of devout Christians in Northern Europe to the restoration of Christian fundamentalism, thus contributing to the spread of humanism in Europe. Ficinot translated all Plato's works into Latin, and wrote Platonic Theology on the Immortality of the Soul. He tried to integrate Platonic philosophy with Christian doctrine, seeking a kind of essential identity for religion and tradition. He believed that although people were at a lower level of material, they had the ability to communicate with God through self-improvement, and tried to find the commonality between Christianity and humanism. The third kind of humanists expose and criticize the darkness of corruption in the Catholic Church. Its representatives are Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Machiavelli and so on. In the Divine Comedy, Dante adopts the form of fantasy literature, and through the description of various characters he meets in the three imaginary journeys of hell, purgatory and heaven, he attacks the greed and corruption of the church and the darkness and brutality of feudal rule, extolls the rationality of freedom and the spirit of seeking knowledge, demands the emancipation of the mind and tolerates paganism. Petrarch's "Songbook" celebrates the love of lovers, breaking free of the asceticism of the church and denouncing the Vatican as "a savage temple" and "a temple of cultists". In the Decameron, Boccaccio exposed and satirized the decadent life of Catholic monks, praised the secular life and the love of young men and women, and reflected the resistance of the emerging civic class to asceticism. Machiavelli argues that the Christian advocate deferential, exercise restraint and belittle worldly moral quality, the result is bad deeds without proper restriction, he thinks that once upon a time the value concept of Roman republic is to celebrate civic virtue, to maintain political freedom has played a positive role, and the birth of Christianity, forbear, as a result, the state and society of corruption.

Clearly, "Humanism" and "Humanism" are not identical, even though their foreign language equivalents are the same word "Humanism" and both are derived from the Latin words "Humanus" or "Humanitas." The so-called "humanism" refers to a social trend of thought formed in the European Renaissance against feudalism (similar to the feudal system implemented in the Zhou Dynasty, decentralization, limited royal power, and even separatism) and religious theology. To a certain extent, it can be said to be the guiding ideology of the Renaissance, that is, the anti-feudal ideology of the early bourgeoisie. As the main representative of the research object is called "humanities", such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, ethical philosophy, that is, "people-oriented secular culture", different from "theology", or even opposite. Although the views and propositions of the main representatives are different, their basic ideas are the same. They are all human-centered, advocating humanity and opposing divinity. It was only in the 16th century that the broad meaning of the word "humanities" was gradually realized, and it was not until the 19th century that the European academic circles began to use the term "humanism" to summarize the world outlook and outlook on life of The Renaissance humanists. Therefore, the representative figures of this trend of thought are called humanists, and the trend of thought represented is also called humanistic trend of thought.