DIABETES MELLITUS

It is a group of common endocrine diseases in which there is either low production of insulin and cells of body become unresponsive to the action of insulin. The level of sugar in blood rises than normal. It is such a serious disease that in every five seconds one person is dying due to diabetes mellitus.

SYMPTOMS

➡️ Frequent urination

➡️ Increased thirst

➡️ Lose of weight without effort

➡️ Lethargy and feeling of being tired and weak

➡️ Blurry vision

➡️Slow healing of the wound

➡️ Numbness or tingling sensation

DIAGNOSIS

🔴 FASTING BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

The level of sugar in blood is measured after the fasting of eight to twelve hours or not eating overnight.

Normal: 99mg/dl

Prediabetic: 100_125 mg/dl

Diabetic:126 msg/dl or above

🔴 RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

It is the measure of blood sugar after a meal or any time . The sugar level of 200 milligrams per deciliter or higher suggests the diabetes

🔴 GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST

After overnight fasting a sugary liquid is consumed and the blood sugar level for two hours is monitored.

🔴 HbA1c TEST

The blood test in which record of blood sugar level for previous three to four months is taken . HbA1c level higher than 6.5% indicates diabetes.

🔴 URINE TEST

The presence of ketones in the urine indicates the diabetes mellitus. Ketone especially acetone has sweety smell.

🔴 CREATININE LEVELS

This can also indicates the diabetes mellitus . It helps us to estimate that how waste and excess fluids are removed from kidney.

TYPES

◾TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

It is an autoimmune disease in which there is destruction of pancreatic cells especially beta cells by the action of self antibodies. It usually appear in childhood and adolescence. Type 1 diabetes mellitus may be hereditary and due to the environmental factor in early age like virus and nutritional factors destroy the pancreatic cells so reduce the production of insulin.

◾ TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

The body cells become resistant to the action of insulin so the blood sugar level rises than normal.It occurs in older age. It can be controlled and prevented by diet and exercise. In this due to resistance of cells to insulin glucose do not enter in cell because insulin is responsible for entry of glucose in cells . There the cellular respiration takes place including glycolysis tricarboxylic acid cycle and production of energy in the form of ATP through the election transport chain.

◾ GESTATIONAL DIABETES

There is both due to the less production of insulin and peripheral cells of body become unresponsive to the action of insulin . It mostly appears during pregnancy or due to obesity .

◾ LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES ADULT

It is actually like type 1 diabetes mellitus but appears in older age . It is an autoimmune disease. The production of insulin is reduced . Latent autoimmune diabetes adult patients have several antibodies which destroy pancreatic cells but these cells stop producing insulin more slowly than type 1 diabetes mellitus.

◾ MODY( maturity onset diabetes in young)

- it is type of diabetes in young persons...

- it is behaving same like type 2 diabetes

- problem is peripheral resistance of the tissue for insulin

◾ SECONDARY DIABETES MELLITUS

There are soo many secondary diabetes mellitus diseases depends on diff causes, like diet , toxicity, drugs usage

Most common is drug induced diabetes mellitus

In which person use drug chronically for log time like beta blockers.

COMPLICATIONS

The complications associated with the diabetes mellitus are given below:

🔴 Increased risk of cardiac and vascular diseases

🔴 Diabetic neuropathy . It leads to the damage of nerves and slow destruction of the central nervous system

🔴 Diabetic retinopathy . The cells of retina of eye are damaged and the vision problems along with blurry vision.

🔴 Metabolic imbalance

🔴 Gastrointestinal changes

🔴 Chronic renal diseases

🔴 Myocardial infarction

🔴 Hypertension

🔴 In type 2 diabetes mellitus there is increased risk of Alzheimer's disease . It is a neurodegenerative disease and can also cause dementia.

TREATMENT

👉TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS is mostly treated by insulin therapy. Insulin can be taken by a needle and a syringe or an insulin pump . There are many types of insulin long acting,ultra long acting ,short acting,rapid acting and intermediate acting.

Aspirin can be used to reduce the risk of heart problems

Cholesterol lowering drugs like statin drugs are also used for this purpose .

👉 TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS is treated by metformin and sodium glucose co transporters type 2 or SGLT-2 inhibitors. It can be prevented and controlled by balanced diet . Proper exercise can reduce the complications associated with diabetes mellitus.

DIET PLAN FOR DIABETICS PATIENTS

In type 2 diabetes mellitus diet is the major control factor. Following instructions must be kept in mind :

◾ Less use of simple sugars

◾ Avoid high carbohydrates content and fats majorly saturated fats

◾ Increase dietary fibers

◾ Avoid smoking

MONITORING OF DIABETES PATIENTS

Blood glucose level can be measured anywhere at anytime

Fingerstick glucose test

In this blood glucose level is tested by taking a drop of blood by pricking the tip of finger with a lancet. The drop of blood is taken over a reagent strip which contains the chemicals which react with blood sugar and show the blood glucose level on digital device.

👉 CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORS

A glucose sensor is placed directly under the skin . It automatically measures the blood sugar level after every few minutes.