At the beginning of the eighth chapter, Taylor briefly discusses the question of the universality of religion: "Is there any obscurantist tribe of any religion?" He believes that the obscurantist people who are incompatible with the concept of religion may also have the possibility of religion. Not only did the Australian-born have no notion of a supreme god, creator, arbiter, or object of worship -- that is, no idols, no temples, no sacrifices -- but they had no trace of any religion or ritual, Dr. Langer declared; And it is religion or ritual that distinguishes them from the unspiritual animals. At the same time, however, he left details in the book that the Aborigines' belief that smallpox was the result of evil works contradicted their belief. There are also inconsistencies in Moffat's account of the Bejuan people in Africa and in Azara's denial of religion in South America. So what people like Lange do not recognize is a religion that is not similar to the so-called civilized national theology. So what is religion? According to Taylor, the basic definition of religion is the doctrine of spirits, "animism".
Taylor's view of the relationship between animism and religion.To define religion simply as requiring belief in God, or posthumous judgment, idolatry, the practice of sacrifice, or some other more or less popular doctrine or ritual would undoubtedly exclude many tribes from the category of religion. Such a narrow definition identifies religion with its unique development rather than with the deep motives underlying it. Starting from the latter, the author believes that the basic definition of religion is belief in gods. In this way, we can basically say that every living tribe acknowledges the existence of a belief in God. In order to distinguish itself from the so-called modern religion, the author explores the elvism of various tribes in the name of animism. Animism characterizes the tribes at the lowest stage of mankind. From then on, it continued to rise and underwent profound changes in the process of transmission, but it maintained a complete continuity from beginning to end and entered a high degree of modern culture. In contrast, religious teachings were largely in the hands of individuals or scholastics. It is often not attributed to the early lower civilization, but to later intellectual changes, contrary to or contrary to the ancestral beliefs; This is a relatively recent development and does not affect our current search for a primitive human condition. As a matter of fact, animism constitutes the philosophical foundation of both the ignorant and civilized peoples. Animism is divided into two parts, philosophy about souls and philosophy about other spirits. Deities are believed to influence or control the phenomena of the material world and people's life in the next life, and they are believed to be in communion with people. Every action of man caused pleasure or displeasure to the gods. The more faith there is in them, the more inevitable is the actual worship of them or the hope of their pity.
Let's start with the theories about the human soul and other souls.
Everyone has a life and a ghost. Life gives the body the ability to feel, think and move, and the ghost constitutes his image. Or the second me. Both can be detached from the body. When life leaves the body, the person loses feeling or dies. Phantoms show people to stay away from the body. The soul is an elusive illusory image. By its very nature, nothingness is vapor, mist, or shadow; It is the source of life and thought that animate the individual. It independently governs the past and present personal will and consciousness of the owner of the body, and it can leave the body and move quickly from one place to another. Mostly invisible, it also shows material force, especially when it looks like a person is awake or asleep. A ghost that leaves the body but resembles the body, that continues to exist and live in the body of a person after death, that can enter the body of another person, that can enter animals or even objects, dominate them, affect them. There are also views that see spirits or ghosts as the source of life. Some people will notice the relation between BREATH and life AND will EQUATE BREATH with life or soul. For example, Chinese mystical culture is about out-of-body experience. The definition of a ghost or soul is a theoretical concept of primitive philosophy. These concepts represent an attempt by primitive people to explain phenomena that we now classify as biological. Especially birth and death, health and disease, sleep and dream, absence and illusion.
In ancient times, the soul was the source of life. The ancients regarded the function of life as that of the soul. This theory uses the theory that all souls fly away or some spirits that make up souls fly away to explain physical or mental states, such as death or coma. The counterpart to this is the ritual of summoning the spirit, in order to bring back the soul that has left the body. A lot of these civilizations thought that the soul would wander off while the body slept. If you are cut off for more than a certain amount of time, you get sick. If you stay out forever, your body dies. The belief that the soul leaves the body is widespread across the globe and is widely used in the rituals of wizards, priests, or diviners themselves. In addition to causing physical illness, the soul can also appear in other people's dreams. Comforting or disturbing the sleeper, warning or informing them of something, or demanding that one's wishes be fulfilled. Some people believe that fasting, self-suffering, narcosis, or other means of getting into a morbid high cause them to see ghosts. They hoped to derive divine knowledge and even worldly rights from these images. It was believed that body and soul were separate and unified, and that soul and body could be damaged together. In addition to the belief that souls have visible images, people also believe that souls, or spirits, have voices.
Second, it was believed that the spirits of the dead could sense the push and blow and drive them away like any other living creature. Through martyrdom, the soul can be made to serve others in the future life. People have souls, so do animals. Such as the "six samsara" in Chinese mysterious culture. People can be reincarnated as animals or plants. Chinese Daoism believes that plants can be cultivated into goblins, meaning that plants have souls. In addition, some tribal peoples believe that inanimate objects have souls. Take the Chinese love of collecting tortoise shells.
Does the soul continue to exist after death? The existence of the soul after death has two parts, and they are closely related to each other. It is popular all over the world. One is the soul migration theory. One is the theory of afterlife life. The NEW BIRTH OF A HUMAN SOUL IN ANOTHER HUMAN BODY IS REGENERATION, THAT IS, THE ETERNAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE INFANT BY THE SOUL OF THE DEAD. Later, the thought OF the migration of the human soul among humans was expanded into souls, resurrected in the form of animals, etc. Animals, with their semi-human characteristics, characters and movements, have become objects of observation for both the ignorant and the children. In more civilized nations, the idea and object of the soul's afterlife have entered into the karma of the moral system. With the development of this idea, people believed that the human soul and the plant or non-living soul could migrate with each other.
The idea of an afterlife was not universal in primitive life. But it's also a belief they share. The spirit of the dead flew away from the living world, and he went to the distant land of the underworld to wander and live, and this life was waiting for him in a new dwelling. Many primitive people believed that the realm of the Elves was completely free to enter, and many returned from it. Many tribal shamans have psychic access to the underworld, searching for the lost souls of the flesh. The legend of the living visiting the ghost's abode is linked to the sunset myth. The Zulus believe that in the underworld there are mountains and rivers and everything that is the same as on the ground, and that it is easy to find your relatives there, because the dead live in the villages and eat their cattle. These cows are killed in the world, and are resurrected in a new life.
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How independent are women in marriage?
That's a good question. However, I would say that this is also a difficult problem, and mental independence is far more difficult than financial independence, so don't expect any quick fixes. This is like a child letting go of the hands of adults, stumbling to learn to walk on their own. The most important thing is the will, determination and willingness to make lasting efforts to change themselves, so that change can actually happen. However, the method of change itself is not difficult, and applicable to anyone, who are effective, as long as they really do it, can do people are happy, free, happy.What is independence? In 1946, Hu Shi said in a speech at Peking University: You should fight for independence, not for freedom. He explained: you say you want to fight for freedom, freedom is against the outside constraints, independence is your own business, give you freedom but not independence, still a slave. Independent or blindly follow, do not be deceived, do not rely on the portal, do not rely on others, this is the spirit of independence. I quite agree with and approve his elaboration on the spirit of independence. Independence, is their own thing, and no one has anything to do with it. No one ties your hands and feet, you are free, but it is up to you to walk on your own feet. We are clearly free, but we just can't open the leg, our body seems to have an invisible rope tied to us, what is this rope? We are always making all kinds of judgment and evaluation on ourselves, such as the subject said: want to divorce but fear of divorce, fear of unknown post-divorce life, fear of children in the future to accompany bullying. It is easy to think too much, the heart can not be independent, encounter problems can not make their own attention, these are our own judgment. American psychologist Nathaniel Branden says, "Of all the judgments we make in life, none are more important than the judgments we make about ourselves." The evaluation that an individual makes and often maintains of himself or herself expresses a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward himself or herself and signals confidence in his or her abilities, status, achievements and worth. This is what we call self-esteem. Nathaniel Branden defines self-esteem as: a feeling that you are able to cope with life's basic challenges and are worthy of pleasure. He argues that self-esteem is made up of two components: a sense of competence and a sense of worth. Both are important. Without either, self-esteem will be low. In fact, all our fears and fears about the future are fundamentally rooted in our distrust of our own abilities. When my son was a year old, I carried him, accompanied by my mother, who was wearing a bag, to Beijing for training and exams on "breastfeeding guidance." The first class, the teacher with a pair of beautiful smiling eyes asked us: when we said that the best night to let the baby sleep with her, convenient feeding is also conducive to parent-child relationship, but the mother said: "no, I will press the baby", at this time, the mother's real idea is what? I sat in the last row, slowly thinking, front row students raised their hands, various answers, but the teacher shook his head and said to think again. After seven or eight classmates answered, she was a little anxious: What is the mother's real concern? Plucking up my courage, I raised my hand and said in a hushed voice: She feels incapable of taking care of her child. She finally got the answer she was looking for, a nod of approval, a smile of approval: Yes, she didn't think she was capable. What's your name, Sir? The movie. Thank you. Have a seat. This is just a small episode before the formal class, everyone quickly focused on the main class, but I have never forgotten. Because "thinking I can't do it" was at the heart of almost all the breast-feeding problems I came across, and it was the fundamental reason I gave up breast-feeding coaching, because it wasn't about the breast, it wasn't about the feeding, it wasn't about the baby. They need more than that. During pregnancy, I and they said that as long as the placenta and normal childbirth, lactation function is open, can nurse, namely can start breastfeeding after giving birth, and a half hours is the best time, but they usually come to me on the third day, at that time, baby to have a day to eat milk powder, 100 ml every time to eat, mom breast up hard as stone, she said: At the beginning, there was no milk. My mother-in-law said it would take three days to milk. She doesn't trust her own body. She trusts other people's words. The mother who felt she didn't have enough milk came to me, and I said, look, you really have a lot of milk, your milk is gushing like spring water, but even if I milk enough for me to take a milk bath, even though the baby is sucking and swallowing, even though the baby is making eight poops and two poops a day. Two days later, she still told me that she added milk powder, because the baby always sleep soon after eating, the baby is not full. She doesn't trust her body, she doesn't trust her children, she trusts the stroke of a pen. When she passed through many difficulties, very not easy to stick down breast milk feeding, but the old woman in the community said you this child how so thin ah her heart began to perturb, to the next physical examination, say, and weight standard value a contrast, oh, can't raise so, milk powder add up. She still didn't trust her body or her children. She trusted an old cow and a glistening assembly line thousands of miles away.Breastfeeding is a small part of life, a microcosm. Our lack of confidence in our own abilities is reflected in all aspects of life, such as our own ability to cope with divorce, such as our children's ability to handle their own affairs, such as our own choices and ideas. Denial of our own sense of competence is one of the reasons we have low self-esteem. In terms of the sense of value, we excessively rely on the evaluation of others, and we care too much about the eyes of others. For example, I got 95 points in the exam, which is objectively a good score, but only by getting praise and affirmation from teachers and parents can we be satisfied. If parents say: How did I get 95 points in the exam? How could you be so careless? Then we immediately become frustrated and think that we failed the test. Our sense of value in everything depends on the evaluation of others, not on our own objective performance. What is spiritual independence? That is, the evaluation and judgment of the sense of self-ability and value are based on the reality, realistic, objective and neutral, and do not rely on others. I am confident in my abilities, identity, accomplishments and worth. I choose the path I want to take, and I have the ability to bear the consequences of my choices, which is what I consider spiritual independence.How to be independent? To change the course of life, we must choose from the two basic methods, first, you can direct your energy and attention, with its thoughts, focus and consolidate power, to release emotions and think positive results so that you eventually get confidence, courage and determination to make promises, fully encouraged to do what you want to do, and you can just do it. The most important way to change is behavior! First, people with high independent self-esteem are generally calmer, and they have time to be alone and introspective. I think of this alone time as a pause button, putting everything around you on hold, allowing you to focus on yourself and discover who you are. Why are we all drifting? It's not just us. It's the same all over the world. Even in the United States, a highly individualistic country, where people read Emerson in high school, and there are so many books on individualism and the self, in the most egoistic country, people are still going with the flow, people are still going the way that so many people have gone before. Why is that? Because we don't spend enough time introspecting, asking questions like: What do I really want to do with my life? What do I like? What makes me happy? What am I good at? What are my strengths? Ask yourself these questions. Think about them. When we step back and think, that's when we become ourselves, when we find the path that's right for us. The second way to improve your self-esteem is to be honest and always tell the truth. When we tell the truth, the message we send to ourselves is that my word counts, my word counts, and I matter. When we don't tell the truth, when we tell lies, or when we want to act like ourselves, we're saying, "This is not good enough for me. I need to be someone else for someone to like me." Instead of being who we really are, we choose to be identified rather than known. Use this method to insist on a week until the behavior change our attitude, we begin to pay more attention to your words, when we talk to convey who I am not thinking about to make others feel bad, when I'm sure myself, when I say "no" from time to time, so that I can simplify my life, when I should say, Even if the "yes" isn't very popular, I'm going to say it anyway. We are afraid that when we say no and say what we really think, we will not be liked and accepted. We have to become something else, meek, thrifty, filial, loving and tolerant, so that we will be liked and accepted. But we don't know what it's costing us. We bend ourselves low, we tell ourselves again and again: you are not important. At the same time, we lost the best opportunity to communicate. It seemed that we were happy and harmonious at that time, but problems accumulated and accumulated, which eventually crushed our marriage. The third way to improve self-esteem is to take responsibility for yourself. In my first marriage, when our relationship hit a low point, when we became increasingly uncontrollable and began to lash out at each other, my ex-husband was confused and confused. He also wanted answers and a better way. So he asked his older friend for advice. The bottom line: you're on the seven-year itch. Just get through this difficult year and everything will take care of itself. I am very tolerant to the child, can always detect and accept his various emotions, so the child and I are very close. The ex-husband usually makes demands on the child or denies the child. When he is anxious, he will show his father's authority. The child cannot understand and accept it naturally, and becomes distant from him. He said, Well, because he's a boy, he doesn't get close to me. If we have a girl, she'll be close to me. We put our hope in "nature will be better", it seems that there will always be a knight in shining armor or a waving angel, one day, he will come to us, will take us to the paradise of happiness, let our life naturally become beautiful and happy. No! No one can help you! No one will come! If there is no honest and in-depth communication, no courage to accept and change, no lasting and determined efforts, the marriage will still itch, even pain, fester and pus after the seventh year. Without understanding and respect for the child, without unconditional attention and acceptance, without daily companionship and devotion, the child will never rely on you, respect you, and be close to you from the heart. The life you want to live, the life you want to live, the life you can live, is all up to you. What you want your life to look like three months from now depends on what you're doing now! But you say, "Aren't you here?" I only came to tell you: "No one will come. We knew that colds heal by themselves, and when Tata was still in my belly, we made a firm decision to let him receive as little medicine as possible and no injections for routine diseases like colds within his first year of life. We hoped to provide more care for his delicate life. To this end, we read a lot of books, learn a lot of other people's experience, mentally make enough preparation. But when the day really came, everything was not so simple as imagined. When Tata was about 10 months old, I was at work and I got a call from my mother-in-law that the child was not in good spirits and was very hot, maybe he had a fever. I asked for leave and went home immediately. When the thermometer was measured, it was indeed burnt. The usually lively and active child was also like how, listless, unwilling to eat all the supplementary food, and began to cough and runny nose. The symptoms of cold were all in. My mother-in-law had packed her things quickly and was ready to go to the hospital. I said we were not going to the hospital. It was Wednesday afternoon, I asked for two days off, two weekends in a row, I can accompany him for four days, which is almost a cycle of self-healing cold. The child will not drink water, breast milk is open supply, believe me, breast milk is really very practical, who is not qualified to call you in a certain point in time to break, this is the matter of you and the baby. When his temperature is high, he takes a warm bath, reduces his clothes, and changes him into a thin bed. The most sad thing is that the child has stuffy nose and phlegm, sleep well, eat bad milk, irritable cry for a while, which is really let us at a loss, the ex-husband wanted to his mouth to suck out the sputum inside. I sat up all night propped up on a pillow and carried him to sleep, holding his head high so he could be more comfortable. It was a rough two days. The parents-in-law have been frantic, five minutes to say that they will take the child to the hospital, before they brought up Tata's cousin, a headache and fever, immediately hug to the health center to get an injection. When we didn't listen, they called my parents, my ex-husband's brother's wife's sister's wife's husband's husband and asked them to come and talk to us. By the end, it was almost yelling. On the third day, in order to reassure them and to reassure ourselves, we took the baby to my most trusted old doctor, who diagnosed it as a common cold and asked if we should prescribe medicine. We said the baby was so small that we should not prescribe it. Surprised, he turned to look at us, his eyes full of surprise and approval, I think, from seeing so many anxious parents who wanted to pour the jar of medicine down their children. But the old people are still not at ease, said that the old doctor can not, want us to continue to go to the big hospital to see. We decided to turn a deaf ear and focus on the children. Late at night, the side of the ex-husband has been asleep, two days almost did not close the eyes of me holding the child, he also hum to sleep, body is still some hot, wheezing in the nose to change the air, can hear heavy nasal sound. I don't know when he's gonna get better, I don't know if he's gonna get better, I don't know if we're doing the right thing. At this time, I would also think that if I took the child directly to the hospital, medicine, injection hanging water, like others, I would not be easier? There is no need to bear such psychological pressure, and the elderly in the family are not so anxious. But I know it won't. This is the responsibility that I, as the mother of my child, must take! If I give the responsibility to the doctor to the hospital, yes, I might be easier, but I can not only transfer responsibility, at the same time I also put all the result of uncontrolled risks and consequences of these transfer out, the side effects of drugs, the body's immune system to establish the interference, the risk of excessive treatment, these fall in children, The consequences will ultimately be borne by the child. So, no! I'm going to take my share of responsibility, and I'm sure I'm doing the right thing. Take your share of the responsibility! The child is yours, in addition to you, no one can give him the most comprehensive personalized care, each child is not the same, only you understand the most, your body surging instinct of natural surging father and mother love will guide you to make the best choice. And so is your life! Your life is your own, in addition to yourself, no one can for you to make the most suitable for you the most can make you happy and satisfied life choice, assume your responsibility! The fourth way to improve self-esteem: A "magic bullet" There is a "magic bullet" only available to my friends who read my book, well, friends of friends count. This "magic bullet" will give you this benefit. First of all, it makes you feel good, really good. Your self-esteem will increase significantly, you will be more confident, more confident about your place in society, and you will be more confident about yourself. Secondly, it makes you feel calmer, it makes you feel centered in your life, and it even makes you smarter. The effect is remarkable. Third, it will also make you more attractive, you will feel more attractive, you will exude more charm. This is all research, not wishful thinking. I'm trying to sell you something that really works, really works, and it doesn't have any negative side effects, and on the contrary, it has countless positive effects. Even if you take this medicine, like a changed person, everyone is amazed at how you become young and beautiful, you can rest assured that this medicine is legal and has no side effects, what's more, this medicine is free. The medicine: 30 minutes of exercise three to four times a week.
By XinJing Gao3 years ago in Psyche
Love Is A Verb
“Why did nobody check on my mental health when I kept tattooing my face?” is a question I asked myself months ago. As I sat pondering on my previous life choices, I thought about the fact that many of them were clear signs that I wasn’t ok. I couldn’t help but wonder if the people in my life genuinely cared for me as they watched me get excessive face tattoos.
By Kenya Shania 4 days ago in Humans
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