The Role of Kyai in Building Civil Society

Gus Dur's writings, as summarized by Tempo in "Fighting Through Jokes," make us aware of the crucial position of kyai or religious leaders in the nation's movement. From a sociological-political perspective, civil society plays a vital role in balancing the dominance of the market and the government, which are often the two main forces in modern politics. However, for civil society to develop and have a more significant role, social agents capable of guiding the community in facing various social and political challenges are needed. This is where the role of kyai, as part of the "organic intellectuals" in Antonio Gramsci's terms, becomes highly significant.

Gramsci explains that organic intellectuals are those who have a strong attachment to a particular social class and serve as agents of social change. In the Indonesian context, kyai function as organic intellectuals for the Muslim community, guiding them not only in spiritual matters but also in addressing social and political issues. As Gus Dur stated, Islam is a mercy to the universe, and change within a society will only occur if its people desire it. This underscores the crucial role of kyai in awakening social and political consciousness among the people to bring about positive change.

Pierre Bourdieu, a French sociologist, introduced the concept of "social capital" as one of the essential elements of social structure. The social capital possessed by kyai, such as the trust of the people, extensive social networks, and moral authority, makes them highly strategic actors in driving social change. With strong social capital, kyai can serve as intermediaries between society and the government, advocate for the interests of the marginalized, and shape public opinion to be more critical of state policies.

Furthermore, Emile Durkheim emphasized that religion is not merely a system of beliefs but also a social institution that plays an integrative function in society. Religion helps build social solidarity, which, in this context, means encouraging public engagement in various national issues. However, Durkheim also warned against religious dogmatism that isolates believers from social realities. Therefore, religious studies should not be confined solely to the afterlife but should also address how to establish a just and prosperous worldly life.

Unfortunately, as Gus Dur pointed out, this nation is often too fearful when facing crime, injustice, and oppression. Such passivity will only worsen existing socio-political conditions. Here, kyai should take on the role of leaders who side with the people, build collective awareness, and organize civil society movements to fight for social justice. In this way, kyai do not merely serve as spiritual guides but also as social change agents who contribute to shaping a more democratic and just society.

In conclusion, the role of kyai in the nation's movement is crucial. By understanding Gramsci's concept of organic intellectuals, Bourdieu's social capital, and Durkheim's integrative function of religion, we can see the importance of kyai in strengthening civil society. To achieve better change, society needs the guidance of religious leaders who focus not only on the afterlife but also actively advocate for justice and welfare in this world.