Ancient Egyptian civilization

Northeast African civilization gave rise to ancient Egypt. It was located within what is now modern-day Egypt, specifically in the lower sections of the Nile River. Following prehistoric Egypt, ancient Egyptian civilization came together in 3100 BC (based on traditional Egyptian chronology)[1] with the governmental unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes (often identified with Narmer).[2] Ancient Egypt's history was characterized by a succession of stable kingdoms spaced out by "Intermediate Periods" of comparatively high volatility. The Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age, or the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age are the three groups into which the numerous kingdoms are divided.

During the New Kingdom, when it ruled over much of Nubia and a considerable chunk of the Levant, ancient Egypt achieved its zenith. It thereafter went into a phase of gradual decline. Several foreign nations have invaded or subjugated ancient Egypt throughout its history, including the Hyksos, the Nubians, the Assyrians, the Achaemenid Persians, and the Macedonians led by Alexander the Great. Following Alexander's death, the Greeks established the Ptolemaic Kingdom, which lasted until 30 BC when it was conquered by Cleopatra and turned into a Roman province.[3] Egypt was ruled by the Romans until the Rashidun Caliphate took control of it in the 640s AD.

The ability of ancient Egyptian society to adapt to the agricultural circumstances of the Nile River valley contributed to its prosperity. The rich valley's managed irrigation and predictable flooding created an abundance of crops that allowed for social growth and cultural advancement in addition to a denser population. Resources aplenty, the administration funded trade with neighboring regions, the organization of cooperative construction and agricultural projects, the early development of an independent writing system, the mining of the valley and surrounding desert regions, and a military aimed at establishing Egyptian supremacy. A pharaoh-controlled bureaucracy of eminent scribes, religious authorities, and administrators drove and coordinated these endeavors, guaranteeing the collaboration and solidarity of the Egyptian populace within the given circumstances.

The construction of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks was made possible by the quarrying, surveying, and building techniques of the ancient Egyptians. They also developed a system of mathematics, a useful and efficient medical system, irrigation systems, agricultural production techniques, the first known planked boats, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new literary forms, and the earliest known peace treaty with the Hittites.[6] There is an enduring heritage from ancient Egypt. Its artifacts were taken to distant parts of the globe, and its art and architecture were frequently imitated. For millennia, writers and tourists have been captivated by its imposing remnants. A renewed appreciation for early modern European and Egyptian archaeological digs and antiques has resulted in the scientific