taylor lindani
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10 Movie Mistakes That Slipped Through Editing. AI-Generated.
Creating a full-length feature film is a monumental task for any director. In the storm of actors, set designs, production assistants and the cameras catching them all, the finished movie is just a tiny glimpse of the actual work – and talented people - that goes into making it.
By taylor lindani8 months ago in Writers
Why Is Space Freezing Cold When the Sun Is SO HOT?. AI-Generated.
You may think the Earth is pretty big, but the sun makes up almost 99.9% of the mass of the whole solar system. The rest of the mass is made up by the planets and their satellites, asteroids, comets, gas, and dust. It's around 93 million miles, 150 million kow away from our planet, but it keeps us warm every day. Its temperature is about 10,000 af 5,30 sun7° wel, but the space surrounding it is still cold as ice. To understand this, we need to distinguish between heat and temperature. Heat is the energy inside some object.
By taylor lindani8 months ago in Futurism
The Pompeii Disaster Was Nothing Like We Imagined. AI-Generated.
You're walking through a bustling town near the Bay of Naples. It looks full of life, energy, and healthy food. Look at these flatbreads that might have been ancient pizza, no less. The people of Pompei are living their best lives. But all of that comes to a fiery halt in 79 CE. That's when Mount Vuvius, that unassuming mountain looming over the city, decides it's time to make history.
By taylor lindani8 months ago in Earth
The Next Megaquake Is Coming, Scientists Warn. AI-Generated.
On January 26th, 1700, one of the biggest earthquakes in history hit off the coast of the United States. It had a magnitude of 9, which puts it in the top 10 most powerful earthquakes ever recorded. This earthquake triggered a huge tsunami and changed the coastline all the way from Southern British Columbia down to Northern California forever. Back then, the area wasn't very populated. But thanks to some clever research, scientists figured out exactly what happened that day by looking at old geological records, tree rings, and even some history from Japan. On the same day as the earthquake, a massive tsunami also hit Japan's eastern coast. For a long time, no one connected the two. But in the 1980s and 90s, researchers realized the tsunami in Japan had been caused by the earthquake in the Pacific Northwest.
By taylor lindani8 months ago in Earth
America's Secret Space Program and the Alien Connection: Solar Warden. AI-Generated.
Gary McKinnon's stepfather was into science fiction and space travel and this rubbed off on Gary when he was only 12 years old he joined bufora the British UFO research Association but it all came together when Gary was 13 and had his own UFO sighting he saw a bright red light in the sky that went from Horizon to Horizon in about five seconds at first he thought it was a meteor but it was moving too slowly and erratically he said it moved through the sky in a waving motion like a dolphin bouncing in and out of the water oh you know what space Dolphins move that way on purpose really I only said because they wanted to see him make a face like he smelled the foot as time went on Gary became convinced that governments around the world especially the United States government had evidence that UFOs and aliens were real but this evidence was being withheld from the population of course they withhold it and thank God they do well we'd be out of a jab Amen to that well Gary McKinnon was an expert in computers and networking and worked as a systems administrator even though he was good at his job he was bored with it his real passion was UFOs a passion that was becoming an obsession and if the government was hiding information about UFOs he was going to do something about it Idol fins on a Devil's Playground that's something I teach you on my guppies Gary knew that both NASA and the U.S Department of Defense used Windows which he described as a operating system using skills he learned as assisted men he wrote a program to do one simple thing check the passwords of all computers on a network he wanted to know if they used the word password as a password or if they used no password at all his program ran for a year and found hundreds of wide open government computers to this day he insists he wasn't hacking or attacking the computer systems he said it was more like going fishing for information that phrase is a microaggression save it for Twitter eventually Gary found computers inside the U.S Navy U.S space command and NASA but he didn't find anything interesting until he stumbled across aliens not exactly what did he find he found a spreadsheet sometimes he was so disappointing
By taylor lindani8 months ago in Futurism
Why Y Chromosomes Might Disappear. AI-Generated.
It’s time for another edition of “The world is more interesting and nuanced than you might think.” In biology classes, we’re often taught that developing animals become one sex or another because of their chromosomes.
By taylor lindani8 months ago in Education
6 Types of Twins That Are Extremely Rare. AI-Generated.
There's a saying that there are two things in life that you're never truly prepared for twins and that is in large part because twinning is somewhat rare in our species only about 3% of live births involve multiple fetuses most of these are dizygotic or what's commonly called fraternal twins they occur when a person just so happens to release two eggs instead of one both of which get fertilized and successfully implant a smaller percentage of twins our monozygotic or identical twins those are the twins that share essentially all of their DNA because they come from a single fertilized egg which later split into two and both of these types of twins are useful for scientific studies because they can help us sort out the influences of genetics and environmental factors on different traits but it turns out that twinning is a lot more complicated than just identical or fraternal and the rarer types of twins suggest that we have a lot more to learn about human development to name mirror-image twins basically says it all they're a type of monozygotic twin where the two people are physical mirror images of each other like if one twin is right-handed the other might be left-handed the mirror twins internal organs might even be on the opposite side what physicians call situs inversus so while that degree of mirroring only occurs in about one in every 10,000 people some degree of mirroring and identical twins is pretty common some scientists think this is a hint as to when the twins embryo actually split you see within the first couple of weeks of embryonic development the cells that will eventually give rise to organs become programmed for the right or left side of the body a process called left-right asymmetry during this window left and right are determined but the embryonic cells haven't yet migrated to the positions where they will ultimately grow into body parts so it's thought that full mirror image twins only occur when a single embryo splits after this has happened sometime around two weeks after fertilization but there is some debate about this to the concept of identical twins isn't really true there are always some slight genetic differences between twins so it's possible that those genetic variations might actually explain mirroring better than when the embryo split and even if it is a timing thing the research isn't clear on exactly when splitting will result in mirrored traits like hair whirls or handedness as opposed to full-blown asymmetry of organs and that's because we can't actually see a human embryo splitting in utero ultrasound technology is good but it is not that good though even if we could see twinning happen we'd probably miss it for most pregnancies since it happens during the earliest stages when a person might not even know that they're pregnant still whether it's about when the split happens or genetic differences between twins or something else piecing together the mechanism behind mirroring has the potential to teach us a lot about how our developing bodies determine where our different pieces go you're probably already familiar with conjoined twins twins that remain at least somewhat attached at Birth for better or worse they've received a lot of attention both medically and culturally still we're not sure how conjoining happens and examining cases more closely as kind of upended everything we thought we knew about twinning the earliest and still common explanation for conjoin 'men is that it's a result of incomplete splitting what's often called the fission theory this is actually how all monozygotic twins supposedly happen for whatever reason one embryo splits into two and so the theory goes if this happens super early both twins develop their own amniotic sacks and their own placentas if it happens a little later they share one or both of those and if the split is really late like two or more weeks into development then you get conjoined twins thought that for some reason splits that occur that late fail to fully separate and that makes a lot of sense intuitively and there are other reasons to think that conjoin Minh has to do with late embryos like that there are higher rates of mirroring in conjoined twins remember mirroring might not be a timing thing after all and many researchers think conjoined twins don't arise from incomplete splitting their model dubbed the fusion theory posits that the embryo does completely split and this split occurs a lot earlier on but then as the two twins develop they end up physically colliding and they grow back together this might explain why most cases of conjoined twins are joined at the chest and often share a heart see early on in development the primordial heart is one of the few parts of the body that isn't covered in the type of cells that will become skin that may mean that that area is more vulnerable to rejoining sorting out which of these two theories is right or if they both are at times would help scientists better understand how and when cells become programmed into different tissues and why twins happen in the first place about 10 percent of conjoined twins are considered external hetero Pagis twins essentially one twin doesn't develop all of their organs or body parts so they rely on the other twin for survival this undeveloped or a symmetrical twin may even look more like a mutation than a separate attached entity like a while back there was a viral video of a pretty cute puppy with a tail that was sticking out of its head that was probably an external hetero Pagis twin much like other conjoined twins it's long been assumed that such twins arise when an embryo splits late in the game and doesn't split perfectly and for some reason the split is also fairly lopsided so one twin either doesn't develop well enough to survive or is essentially part of a person attached to their twin that kind of wonky fission could explain how you'd end up with a tail sticking out of a puppy's head but similar cases in people may actually support the fusion theory instead see here's the thing no one has ever seen fission happen we have never witnessed a human embryo split in two even though techniques like IVF can involve culturing embryo for almost a week that means that we've never really confirmed the idea that the timing of embryo splitting makes any difference and we don't actually know that an embryo can split partially or unevenly and still survive but we have come pretty darn close to definitive evidence of huge n' thanks to a hetero Pagis twin case published in 1997 the child described at this study was born with what appeared to be a pair of legs growing out of his chest but they weren't his genetic tests suggest that the legs were from a fraternal twin which if true means that two distinct embryos fused at some points of course that's just one case but it does suggest that further research on this kind of twin could help settle the fission fusion debate or determine that both of them can happen either way it would provide researchers with greater insights into how developing human cells behave which could in turn help doctors treat cases where development doesn't go as planned sometimes a hetero pakka's twin can exist wholly inside its healthy twin as a fetus in fichu okay I say sometimes but let's be clear that this is really rare less than 200 reported cases have ever been reported and usually there's just one but there is a case report of eleven fetuses in fichu not only is there some debate about how fetuses in few happen some researchers don't think it's a twin at all they believe that a fetus in fetu is actually a highly developed teratoma a kind of tumor made up of several body tissue types there are also some that think it stems from a kind of error during development where some stem cells that can become anything divided weirdly but others say it has to be a true twin because fetuses in feet you have vertebral columns and often other developed body parts like limbs and of course everybody here could be right there could just be lots of different ways to end up with one partially developed fetus inside of another that would mean studying fetuses in feet you could help doctors understand why some fetal tumors become problematic while others stay benign i hadn´t can teach us some really cool things about developmental programming it could give us further insights into twinning see it could be that fetuses in few happened because one twin envelops the other at some point so kind of like the fusion idea but all the way and that actually isn't as far-fetched as it might sound because there are cases where one twin absorbs part of or all of the other now you may have heard that you could be your own twin without even knowing it that's based on a phenomenon called a vanishing twin syndrome we're very early on in a multiple pregnancy one of the twins just kind of disappears except it doesn't really doctors now think that vanishing twin syndrome occurs because when one twin dies spontaneously it is generally absorbed by the other twin and by absorbed I don't mean the tissues are broken down for molecular parts and digested or something no a whole living cells get incorporated into the twins body so one baby is born and that baby has two people's genomes making them what biologists call a chimera and it turns out this kind of merging of cells doesn't just happen when a twin dies it's also how you end up with chimeric twins dizygotic twins where one or both has cells with the other twins genome fetal cell swapping might occur in monozygotic twins too but since they have essentially the same genome it's not really notable when twins are dizygotic though the other twin cells stand out and researchers have found clear cases of this like twins which have two distinct blood cell lines so some of their red blood cells are type-a while others are Type O what's amazing is that this kind of blood chimerism seems to occur in about 8 percent of dizygotic twins 21 percent of triplets and the other twin cells can end up basically anywhere in the body in one case a man fathered a child that had his twins DNA this episode continues to blow my mind and there's also a lot we can learn from these multi genomes twins soccer's don't fully understand how the cells make their way from one twin to the other why they do it or what it means for either twin it's also not clear how these twins immunes systems handle 'having cells with different genomes understanding that could teach us a lot about our immune systems in general plus on a practical level research into chimeric twins could help doctors predict and manage compatibility issues that might arise during blood transfusions or organ transplants last but not least is the rarest type of twin so far we have talked about subsets of either monozygotic or dizygotic twins but sesqui zygotic twins are also a thing though there have only been two reported cases these are twins that share between 50 and 100 percent of their DNA so they are more genetically similar than dizygotic twins but not quite as similar as monozygotic twins and no one is really sure how sesqui zygotic twins happen but biologists have a couple ideas one is that a single egg becomes fertilized by two separate sperm a phenomenon called dice permit fertilization if such an egg were to split so that each half ends up with more or less a single complete genome that could result in what scientists refer to as semi identical twins what's not clear is how the duly fertilized egg actually does that because generally dice permit fertilization results in one embryo with an extra set of chromosomes a condition which is fatal so another hypothesis for sesqui zygotic twinning is that it arises from the fertilization of a polar body polar bodies are small immature cells generated by the cell divisions that occurred during egg development they usually die or disintegrate once the egg matures but if a polar body were to be fertilized around the same time as its associated mature egg cell and both developed you could hypothetically end up with what's generally called half identical twins it is not clear how a polar body could become fertilized though let alone develop into an embryo not even all mature eggs succeed at that so understanding the mechanism or Mehcad of sesqui zygotic twinning could help us better understand what is and isn't required for fertilization and embryonic development and it could hint at new ways to help people who want to become pregnant successfully do so there you have it twinning is way more complicated than identical or fraternal these rarer types of twins from fetuses inside of fetuses to living mirror images can teach us a lot about what actually happens during human development and lots of other things so when we finally do figure all of this out the knowledge will likely benefit everyone.
By taylor lindani8 months ago in Humans
