Differences in Interests and the Impossibility of a Unified Perspective

In social life, achieving an absolute unified perspective is nearly impossible. This is due to the diverse interests inherent in individuals and groups within society. Sociology, as a discipline that studies social structures and human interactions, has long highlighted how differences in interests shape social dynamics and prevent the formation of a homogeneous perspective.

Emile Durkheim, one of the founding figures of sociology, recognized the existence of differences in society, particularly in complex modern societies. Durkheim distinguished between mechanical and organic solidarity. In traditional societies, a unified perspective is more likely to occur because individuals share similar backgrounds and interests. However, in modern societies characterized by organic solidarity, social differentiation and occupational specialization create interwoven interests, making it difficult to achieve a singular viewpoint.

Karl Marx also emphasized that in capitalist societies, differences in interests are particularly evident between social classes, especially between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Marx argued that class consciousness determines how individuals perceive social reality, making it impossible for all groups to share the same perspective. The dominance of the ruling class's interests often creates ongoing conflicts within society.

Max Weber added another perspective with his concept of social action and rationalization. According to Weber, individuals act based on values, goals, and rationality influenced by social and cultural structures. The pluralism of values in society leads individuals or groups to have differing interests, ultimately shaping various perspectives on social issues.

This conflict of interests can also be explained through the conflict theory developed by Ralf Dahrendorf. Dahrendorf argued that in every society, there are always groups with authority and those without it. The unequal distribution of power results in differing interests, leading to disagreements and even social conflict. Therefore, achieving a unified perspective in a society with a complex power structure is highly challenging.

From a structural functionalist perspective, Talcott Parsons viewed society as a system composed of various subsystems with different functions. Disagreements in perspectives are not necessarily detrimental, as differences in interests can contribute to social balance. As long as there are integration mechanisms such as norms, values, and institutions that can manage these differences, society can continue to function stably.

Thus, from a sociological perspective, differences in interests are considered an inherent part of social dynamics that prevent the establishment of an absolute unified perspective. Instead, these differences serve as drivers for social change, negotiation, and societal development. The impossibility of a unified perspective is not a weakness but a reality that reflects the complexity of human social life.