Upper Mustang Trekking Guide: Explore the Last Forbidden Kingdom of Nepal

Upper Mustang, often referred to as the “Last Forbidden Kingdom,” is one of Nepal's most mystifying and culturally preserved trekking regions.

Nestled in the rain shadow of the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges, Upper Mustang offers trekkers an unforgettable journey through a landscape of arid deserts, wind-eroded cliffs, deep gorges, and colorful rock formations.

More than a trek, it’s a cultural pilgrimage to the heart of Tibetan Buddhism, ancient cave civilizations, and the walled city of Lo Manthang — a royal kingdom that until recently was closed off to the outside world.

This comprehensive guide covers everything you need to know to plan a successful trek to Upper Mustang, from permits and logistics to cultural highlights, trekking routes, and what to expect on the trail.

Why Trek to Upper Mustang?

Upper Mustang is unlike any other region in Nepal. It’s not just the striking Himalayan backdrop or the unique desert-like terrain that makes it special — it's the rich cultural heritage that truly sets it apart.

• Cultural Immersion: The people of Mustang are ethnically Tibetan and follow Tibetan Buddhism. You’ll find whitewashed villages, chortens, mani walls, and monasteries that are hundreds of years old.
• Lo Manthang – The Walled City: At the heart of Upper Mustang lies Lo Manthang, a medieval city with a royal palace, monasteries, and narrow alleyways that speak of a long and storied past.
• Restricted Region: As a restricted area, Upper Mustang sees fewer trekkers compared to other popular routes in Nepal, offering a more serene and authentic experience.
• Ancient Caves & Artwork: The region is home to mysterious sky caves that contain ancient paintings, manuscripts, and even human remains — some dating back over 2,000 years.

Trekking Permit and Regulations

Since Upper Mustang is a restricted region, you must obtain special permits to enter:

1. Restricted Area Permit (RAP) – USD 500 per person for the first 10 days, and USD 50 for each additional day.
2. Annapurna Conservation Area Permit (ACAP) – NPR 3,000 (about USD 25).
3. Trekkers’ Information Management System (TIMS) – Not required if you have the RAP, but might be needed for the lower trail sections.

Important Notes:

• Solo trekking is not allowed. You must trek with a registered guide and through a licensed agency.
• Passport and visa must be valid and presented at the Department of Immigration in Kathmandu or Pokhara for permit processing.

Best Time to Trek Upper Mustang

One of the unique aspects of Upper Mustang is its rain shadow location, which makes it ideal for trekking even during Nepal’s monsoon season.

Recommended Seasons:

• Spring (March to May): Clear skies, pleasant temperatures, and blooming wildflowers.
• Summer (June to August): Still a good time due to dry weather in Mustang, while other regions experience heavy rain.
• Autumn (September to November): Stable weather, great visibility, and major festivals like Tiji in Lo Manthang.
• Winter (December to February) is extremely cold, especially in Lo Manthang, and many lodges close during this time.

Trekking Routes to Upper Mustang

Classic Upper Mustang Trek (Lo Manthang Route)

Duration: 12–15 days

Start/End Point: Jomsom

Max Altitude: 3,840m (Lo Manthang)

Itinerary Overview:

Day 1: Fly from Pokhara to Jomsom, trek to Kagbeni (2,800m)

Day 2: Kagbeni to Chele (3,050m)

Day 3: Chele to Syanbochen (3,800m)

Day 4: Syanbochen to Ghami (3,520m)

Day 5: Ghami to Charang (3,500m)

Day 6: Charang to Lo Manthang (3,840m)

Day 7: Explore Lo Manthang (Day hike to Chhoser caves)

Day 8–12: Return via same route or alternate paths (e.g., Dhakmar, Yara)

Alternate Routes:

• Upper Mustang via Yara and Tangge: For those seeking more off-the-beaten-path adventure and challenging trails.
• Upper Mustang and Damodar Kunda Trek: Longer and more remote, often requiring camping.

Accommodation and Food

Upper Mustang follows a teahouse trekking model, with basic but comfortable accommodations available in every village.

Accommodation:

• Rooms are typically twin-sharing with common bathrooms.
• Blankets are provided but bring a sleeping bag for extra warmth.
• Charging, hot showers, and Wi-Fi may cost extra.

Food:

• The menu is similar to other trekking regions: dal bhat, noodles, pasta, momos, soups, and Tibetan bread.
• Try local dishes like Thukpa (noodle soup) and Tsampa (barley flour dough).
• Meat is available but not recommended due to hygiene and lack of refrigeration.

Physical Fitness and Difficulty Level

The Upper Mustang Trek is moderately difficult and suitable for trekkers with basic fitness and some previous trekking experience.

• Daily Walking: 5–7 hours per day
• Altitude: Gradual gain helps with acclimatization, but altitude sickness is still a concern above 3,000m.
• Terrain: Mostly dry trails, rocky paths, and windy passes.

Training Tips:

• Start cardio workouts (hiking, running, cycling) at least 6 weeks in advance.
• Practice walking with a backpack.
• Include some strength and endurance training.

Cultural Etiquette and Tips:

Respecting the local culture is essential in this spiritually rich region.

• Always walk clockwise around chortens, mani walls, and stupas.
• Ask before taking photos of people or religious sites.
• Dress modestly; cover shoulders and knees.
• Do not enter monasteries without permission or guidance from your guide.

Highlights of the Upper Mustang Trek

• Lo Manthang: The spiritual heart of Upper Mustang with ancient monasteries like Jampa Lhakhang and Thubchen Gompa.
• Chhoser Caves: Mysterious sky caves carved into cliffs, believed to be over 2,000 years old.
• Charang Monastery: Historic site with a red-walled monastery and panoramic Himalayan views.
• Ghami and Dhakmar: Known for the longest mani wall in Nepal and striking red cliffs.
• Tiji Festival: Held in Lo Manthang during May, this colorful Buddhist festival reenacts the victory of good over evil.

Packing List for Upper Mustang

Clothing:

• Layered clothing system (base layer, insulation, outer shell)
• Warm jacket (down or synthetic)
• Fleece or wool sweaters
• Lightweight trekking pants and shorts
• Hat, gloves, neck gaiter or buff
• Sunglasses and sunscreen

Gear:

• Sleeping bag (-10°C recommended)
• Daypack (25–35L)
• Trekking poles
• Water bottles and purification tablets
• First aid kit and personal medications
• Headlamp with extra batteries
• Portable charger or power bank

Environmental Considerations:

• Pack out what you pack in – Mustang is fragile and has limited waste disposal infrastructure.
• Avoid plastic bottles; bring a reusable one with water purification.
• Stick to marked trails to avoid damaging the ecosystem.

Final Thoughts

Trekking in Upper Mustang is more than a physical journey — it’s a walk through ancient history, living culture, and surreal landscapes. It offers a rare opportunity to witness a way of life that has remained untouched for centuries.

With the right preparation, respectful attitude, and an adventurous spirit, you’ll find Upper Mustang to be one of the most enriching treks in Nepal — a true journey into the heart of the Himalayas.

If you're ready to explore a destination unlike any other, the Upper Mustang Trek awaits — majestic, mysterious, and utterly unforgettable.