Psychosis

Psychotic disorder

Psychology

The word psychology derives from the Greek word psyche which means soul.

The American Psychological Association (APA)

define

psychology as the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes including perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, brain functioning, human interaction, personality, motivation among others

• Psychosis. Psychosis is a syndrome characterized by significant disruptions in the ability to assess reality and behave coherently.

• Etiology

1.Heredity & genes

2.Trauma

3.Dopamine

4.extreme stress, such as a traumatic accident or loss of a loved one.

5.Alcohol or drug misuse

Psychosis is diagnosed if one or more of the following symptoms are present.

1* Hallucinations -Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli

e.g. Listening voices,

seeing people when these are not actually present

2* Delusions.

Delusions are false beliefs that are maintained despite objective evidence and logical arguments are against them e.g. Unrealistic belief in one's importance, identity, wealth, Fame شهرت power or knowledge.

example is false belief that others are attacking, harassing, cheating and conspiring against him.

3* Disorganised Speech

rapidly shifting from one topic to another

or

Disorganized speech is when someone talks in a way that doesn't make sense, like saying random or unclear things.

4* Disorganized behavior

Move less spontaneously or make oddly

5 *SCHIZOPHRENIA

• Schizophrenia (shizofrenia) is a psychiatric illness.

Characterized by psychosis and disintegration of abilities to think logically and maintain normal social behavior. Common people say it madness. It equally affects males and females. Most common between 15-35 years of age.

• Increased prevalence in lower socioeconomic group.

• Symptoms

• Certain symptoms of schizophrenia are classified as either

• positive, negative and cognitive

• Positive symptoms are hallucinations and delusions.

Negative symptoms

lack of emotions

• Avolition(lack of motivation)

• Alogia (poverty of speech

وه صرف مختصر، سادہ جملوں میں بات کرتے ہیں

خص اجتماعی مواقع سے دور رہنے کی پسند کرتا ہے، اور انسانی یہ وہ حالت ہوتی ہے جب کوئی شخص

Social withdrawal • تعلقات سے پرہیز پرہیز کرتا ہے

Cognitive symptoms

• Impaired attention

• Impaired ability to plan,

organize.

• Impaired memory

Other associated symptoms

Sleep disturbance

Depressed mood or unstable mood

For diagnosis

two or more of the following symptoms should be present for at least 6 month

duration:

1. Hallucinations

• 2. Delusions

3. Disorganized speech

4. Grossly disorganized behavior

• 5. Negative symptoms

• 6. Other associated symptoms

TYPE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

• Paranoid schizophrenia

Hallucinations or delusions are present, but there are no catatonic symptoms.

Catatonic schizophrenia

• It is characterized by stupor بے ہوشیmutism ایک حالت ہے جس میں شخص S آپ کو روکتا ہے یا بولنے میں ناکام ہوتا ہوتا ہے بولنے سے اپنے آپ کے

• rigidity,

• purposeless excitement بے مقصد جذباتی حركات

اپنے آپ کی باتیں دوہرانا یا ایکو لیلیا echolalia .

Disorganized schizophrenia

Grossly disorganized behavior

Undifferentiated schizophrenia

Characterized by prominent delusions, hallucinations or grossly disorganized behavior but does not meet the criteria for

paranoid, catatonic or disorganized type.

Residual type

Absence of prominent delusions, hallucinations or grossly disorganized behavior. There is continuing evidence of the disturbance through two or more of the residual symptoms.

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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS*

*Medical disorders":✓ substance abuse, encephalitis,

✔SLE stands for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. It is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues throughout the body,

*Schizophreniform disorder symptoms similar to schizophrenia but last for less than 6 months.

*psychotic disorder*

*Mania*, referring to an intense and excessive excitement جذباتی یا عقلی حالت کی ایک شدت پسند حالت

*depression"

is a mental health condition where a person feels sad or down, often losing interest in things they used to

enjoy. It can affect

daily life, sleep, appetite, and overall energy levels.

*Schizoaffective disorder*

*Delusional disorder*

*Mental retardation*now known as intellectual disability ذباتی

مشکلات is a condition characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning

Treatment

Antipsychotic medications:

1.Chlorpromazine کلوروپرومازين

2.Haloperidol

3. risperidone رسپیریدون

4.clozapine

کلوزاپین are commonly used.

Mode of action

Antipsychotic drugs work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps to (ease symptoms علامات کو کم کرنا of conditions like schizophrenia.

• Some (new drugs نئی ادویات also block serotonin receptors in the brain, providing additional therapeutic effects.

Blocking these receptors helps regulate neurotransmitter activity, which can help manage symptoms of mental health disorders

Side effects

1.

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Hypotension (low blood pressure) and anticholinergic symptoms (such as o. mouth, heavy-headedness) can be side effects of antipsychotic drugs.

✔Hypotension is often caused by other pharmacological effects of the medication, such as dopamine receptor block, which reduces blood flow.

✓Anticholinergic symptoms are usually due to the medication's anticholinergic effects, such as receptor blockade, leading to dryness, urinary retention, and other symptoms.

Side effects

2. Movement disorders

✓ Extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS): These can cause involuntary muscle movements such as dystonia فالج abnormal muscle contractions(, restlessness (akathisia بے چینی بے قراریand slowed movement برید یکاننيشيا bradykinesia

کم حرکت

✓ Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) characterized by muscular rigidity, hyperthermia Means high temperature, autonomic instability, and delirium .ڈیلیریم

Delirium is a mental state in which you are confused, disoriented, and not able to think or remember clearly

PROGNOSIS پیشنگوئی

• About 1/3 patients lead somewhat normal lives,

1/3 continue to experience significant symptoms but can function within society,

remaining 1/3 are markedly impaired and require frequent hospitalization.

Schizophreniform Disorder is characterized by symptoms similar to schizophrenia, such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and disturbances in behavior, but with a duration of less than 6 months.

• Around one-third of patients with Schizophreniform Disorder go on to develop schizophrenia,

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