The Right to Criticise: A Cultural Dilemma

Recently, I read Mary Midgley’s compelling essay, Trying Out One’s New Sword, which prompted me to reflect deeply on cultural differences and the role of moral judgement. In this thought-provoking piece, Midgley challenges the notion of “moral isolationism”—the belief that we cannot or should not judge the practices of other cultures. Using the striking example of the Japanese samurai custom of tsujigiri—testing a new sword by slicing through an innocent passerby—she argues that cultural differences do not exempt us from moral scrutiny. Her core message is clear: while cultural diversity exists, we must retain the ability to make moral judgements based on understanding.

Cultural Diversity and the Evolution of Civilisation

From the earliest known civilisation, the Sumerians, over 6,500 years ago, human societies have developed a rich tapestry of cultures and customs. Each culture holds unique significance for its people, contributing to the vibrant “multicultural” world we live in today. Yet, cultures are not static. Over time, many practices have been abandoned, particularly those conflicting with modern notions of morality or human rights.

Consider recent historical shifts: slavery, discrimination based on gender or religion, and inhumane punishments were once widespread but were gradually abolished following the Enlightenment. The concept of “human rights” emerged during this period and was solidified in the 20th century through documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. From basic protections of life and property to the pursuit of freedom, equality, and dignity, and now to comprehensive safeguards for civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, each step represents a leap in civilisation’s progress. These advancements are intrinsically tied to evolving moral standards.

Are We Entitled to Criticise Other Cultures?

Midgley poses a critical question: do we have the right to criticise other cultures? In today’s world, the answer seems evident: when practices violate fundamental human rights, such as the right to life or dignity, criticism—and even resistance—becomes almost inevitable. Midgley’s example of tsujigiri illustrates that refraining from judgement due to “cultural differences” risks creating a moral void, where no injustice can be challenged. Her words resonate: “Nobody can respect what is entirely unintelligible to them. To respect someone, we have to know enough about him to make a favourable judgement, however general and tentative.”

Personally, I lean towards a form of “moral isolationism,” valuing respect for others’ cultures, beliefs, and ways of life. However, Midgley’s argument has made me reconsider: respect does not mean unconditional acceptance. We often hear of unfamiliar customs, and it may take time to immerse ourselves in their context and understand their significance. Yet, as Midgley notes, progress requires discernment: “All cultures are formed out of many streams. All have the problem of digesting and assimilating things which, at the start, they do not understand. All have the choice of learning something from this challenge, or, alternatively, of refusing to learn, and fighting it mindlessly instead.”

Learning and Confronting: The Drive for Progress

Midgley emphasises that cultures are not isolated islands. From ancient Greek and Roman influences to modern American, Indian, and Japanese contributions, cultures are shaped by a confluence of diverse influences. To reject cross-cultural moral judgement is to forego the opportunity to learn from others’ insights or mistakes. The abolition of slavery and the push for gender equality, for instance, were not the inventions of a single culture but the result of global interactions and shared learning.

In our interconnected world, we encounter unfamiliar customs and ideas daily. Midgley’s essay reminds us to approach these with an open mind but also with a moral compass. Understanding a culture may require effort, but it does not preclude judgement. Instead, it enables us to distinguish between traditions worth preserving and those that need reform.

The Necessity of Moral Judgement

Midgley’s Trying Out One’s New Sword underscores that moral judgement is not an act of arrogance but a human necessity. It provides a framework for comparison, helping us identify what is good or harmful and driving societal progress. Respecting cultural differences is vital, but when practices infringe upon human rights or dignity, criticism becomes not just a right but a responsibility. As Midgley concludes, “Morally as well as physically, there is only one world, and we all have to live in it.” In this shared world, we must strive to listen, understand, and, when necessary, speak out for a more just future.