The philosophy of Stoicism - Massimo Pigliucci

Zeno of Cyprus experienced a life-altering event when he found himself stranded far from home without any money or belongings. While many individuals would despair and blame their misfortune, Zeno saw this predicament as an opportunity. After being shipwrecked in Athens around 300 BCE, Zeno stumbled upon a bookstore and became captivated by the writings of Socrates. This encounter led him to seek out and study philosophy with renowned thinkers in the city. As Zeno began teaching his own students, he developed a philosophy known as Stoicism. This school of thought, which emphasizes virtue, tolerance, and self-control, has influenced countless generations of intellectuals and leaders. The name "Stoicism" derives from the Stoa Poikile, a public colonnade adorned with paintings, where Zeno and his followers gathered for discussions. While the term "stoic" is now colloquially used to describe someone who remains calm and composed in challenging situations, Stoicism encompasses more than just an attitude. The Stoics believed in a rational structure of the universe, which they referred to as "logos." They recognized that events surrounding us are governed by cause and effect and espoused the idea that although we may not have control over external circumstances, we have control over our own mindset and approach. Stoics strive to navigate the world as it is, aiming for personal growth through four cardinal virtues: practical wisdom, temperance, justice, and courage. Seneca, a prominent Roman Stoic, once wrote, "Sometimes, even to live is an act of courage." Stoicism not only focuses on individual betterment but also emphasizes our shared humanity. In an era when slaves were considered property under Roman law, Seneca advocated for their humane treatment, emphasizing the equality of all individuals. Furthermore, Stoicism promotes active engagement rather than passivity, asserting that only those who have cultivated virtue and self-control within themselves can bring about positive change in others. One of history's most notable Stoic figures was Marcus Aurelius, who served as a Roman emperor. Stoic principles guided him through the challenges of leading the Empire during times of war and personal loss. Centuries later, Marcus's writings provided solace and guidance to Nelson Mandela during his 27-year imprisonment, as he fought for racial equality in South Africa. After his release, Mandela focused on peace and reconciliation, recognizing that while the past injustices could not be altered, society could confront them in the present and strive for a more just future. Although Stoicism as a formal institution eventually faded away, its influence has persisted. Christian theologians, including Thomas Aquinas, have admired and incorporated the Stoic emphasis on virtues into their teachings. Additionally, parallels can be drawn between Stoic tranquility of mind, known as "Ataraxia," and the Buddhist concept of "Nirvana." Modern psychology and the self-help movement have also embraced Stoic ideas. For instance, rational emotive behavioral therapy aims to change self-defeating attitudes people develop toward their life circumstances. Similarly, Viktor Frankl's logotherapy, informed by his experiences as a concentration camp prisoner, aligns with Stoic principles by asserting that individuals can find meaning even in the most challenging situations through the power of their will. Stoicism was a significant philosophical school in ancient Greece and Rome, and while its formal existence may have waned, its impact endures. The teachings of Stoicism continue to shape our understanding of personal growth, resilience, and our shared humanity. It’s a philosophy of life that maximizes positive emotions, reduces negative emotions and helps individuals to hone their virtues of character.

At any moment, in any situation, and at any stage of life, Stoicism provides a framework for living well. It reminds people of what is truly important, providing practical strategies to get more of what is valuable.

Stoicism was deliberately created to be understandable, actionable and useful. Practicing Stoicism doesn’t require learning an entirely new philosophical lexicon or meditating for hours a day. Instead, it offers an immediate, useful and practical way to find tranquility and improve one’s strengths of character.