Understanding Narendra Modi’s Stance on Pakistan



Narendra Modi's approach to Pakistan is a significant aspect of his political strategy and governance. This stance is shaped by a complex interplay of historical conflicts, national security concerns, ideological beliefs, and contemporary geopolitical dynamics. To grasp why Modi adopts a tough position towards Pakistan, it is essential to delve into these factors in detail.

Historical Context

The Legacy of Partition

The roots of Indo-Pakistani tensions can be traced back to the partition of British India in 1947, which led to the creation of two separate nations: India and Pakistan. This division was accompanied by widespread communal violence, resulting in significant loss of life and displacement. The Kashmir issue emerged during this period, as both nations claimed the region, leading to several wars and ongoing disputes.



Wars and Conflicts

India and Pakistan have fought three major wars since independence: in 1947-48, 1965, and 1971, as well as numerous skirmishes and conflicts. The unresolved status of Kashmir remains a core grievance, and the rivalry has fostered deep-seated mistrust between the two nations. Modi’s administration views this historical context as a backdrop for its current policies, framing Pakistan as a consistent adversary in India’s national narrative.

National Security Concerns

Terrorism and Militancy

One of the primary reasons for Modi’s tough stance on Pakistan is the persistent issue of terrorism. The Indian government has accused Pakistan of harboring and supporting militant groups, including Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, which have been implicated in attacks against India, particularly in Kashmir.

High-profile incidents, such as the 2001 Indian Parliament attack and the 2016 Uri attack, have heightened public outrage and calls for a more aggressive response. The 2019 Pulwama attack, in which a suicide bomber killed over 40 Indian paramilitary personnel, further intensified this sentiment. Modi’s government retaliated with airstrikes on a militant camp in Balakot, Pakistan, marking a significant escalation in military engagement and reinforcing the narrative of Pakistan as a terrorist state.

Domestic Security

Modi’s hardline approach also reflects domestic security concerns. With rising nationalism in India, particularly among the BJP's base, a strong stance against Pakistan resonates with voters. By framing his government as a protector of national security, Modi consolidates support and distracts from internal issues, such as economic challenges and social unrest.

Political Ideology

Hindu Nationalism

Modi’s political ideology is heavily influenced by Hindu nationalism, which often positions Pakistan as an ideological and historical adversary. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which Modi leads, promotes a vision of India that emphasizes Hindu cultural identity and heritage, often at the expense of other communities.

This ideological framework is reinforced during elections and public speeches, where Modi emphasizes national pride and security. By portraying Pakistan as a threat to India’s unity and cultural identity, he effectively rallies support from Hindu nationalist groups and other segments of the population that share similar sentiments.

Strategic Nationalism

Modi’s foreign policy is characterized by what has been termed "strategic nationalism." This approach emphasizes national sovereignty and security while promoting India’s standing on the global stage. By taking a tough stance against Pakistan, Modi seeks to project strength and decisiveness, aligning with the aspirations of a rising India.

This strategic nationalism is evident in Modi's outreach to other nations that share concerns about Pakistan’s behavior, including the United States and Israel. Strengthening ties with these countries enhances India's geopolitical positioning and allows Modi to frame his policies within a broader context of counterterrorism and regional stability.

Key Events Shaping Modi’s Stance

The Revocation of Article 370

In August 2019, the Modi government revoked Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, which granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir. This decision was met with widespread criticism, both domestically and internationally, but Modi framed it as a necessary step to fully integrate the region into India and combat terrorism.

The move further strained relations with Pakistan, which vehemently opposed the decision and sought international support to challenge it. For Modi, this action was not only about Kashmir but also about asserting India's sovereignty and showcasing his government's commitment to national security.

Cross-Border Strikes

The airstrikes on Balakot in February 2019 marked a significant escalation in Modi's military strategy towards Pakistan. Following the Pulwama attack, the Indian Air Force targeted a militant training camp, claiming to have killed numerous militants. This operation was presented as a decisive response to terrorism and reinforced Modi's image as a strong leader willing to take bold actions.

The airstrikes were accompanied by a well-coordinated communication strategy, with Modi and his government emphasizing the need to protect national interests and respond to threats decisively. This messaging resonated with many citizens and reinforced Modi’s tough image.

Geopolitical Dynamics

China and Pakistan Relations

The relationship between Pakistan and China is another factor influencing Modi’s stance. China has historically supported Pakistan, particularly in military and economic terms. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a significant investment initiative that enhances this partnership.

Modi’s government views this relationship with concern, particularly in light of China's increasing assertiveness in the region. The strategic alliance between Pakistan and China complicates India’s security landscape, prompting Modi to adopt a firmer stance on Pakistan to counterbalance perceived threats from both nations.

Global Perception and Image

Modi’s approach to Pakistan is also shaped by the desire to cultivate India’s image as a regional power. By taking a strong stance against terrorism and emphasizing national security, Modi aims to position India as a responsible global player. This strategy includes seeking greater engagement with the international community, particularly on issues related to counterterrorism and regional stability.

The Modi administration has sought to garner support from Western nations by highlighting Pakistan’s alleged support for terrorism. This diplomatic maneuvering aims to isolate Pakistan on the global stage while enhancing India’s credibility as a counterterrorism partner.

Domestic Political Strategy

Nationalism as a Mobilizing Force

Modi’s tough stance on Pakistan serves as a rallying point for Hindu nationalist sentiments within India. The BJP has effectively mobilized support by portraying itself as the guardian of national security. This narrative is particularly resonant during election campaigns, where anti-Pakistan rhetoric can galvanize voters.

By positioning his government as a bulwark against external threats, Modi reinforces a sense of unity and purpose among his supporters. This strategy not only distracts from domestic issues but also strengthens the BJP's electoral prospects.

Electoral Success

Modi's hardline approach has contributed to his electoral success. The BJP's victory in the 2019 general elections was largely attributed to its focus on nationalism and security. Modi’s decisive actions, such as the Balakot airstrikes, were framed as evidence of strong leadership, appealing to voters who prioritize national security.

The party's ability to connect with voters on issues of pride and identity has solidified its position in Indian politics. Modi’s narrative of strength against Pakistan resonates with many citizens who seek a leader capable of protecting national interests.

Conclusion

Narendra Modi's tough stance on Pakistan is influenced by a multitude of factors, including historical grievances, national security concerns, political ideology, and contemporary geopolitical dynamics. His approach reflects a blend of strategic nationalism and Hindu nationalism, positioning Pakistan as a significant adversary in India’s national narrative.

Modi’s policies and rhetoric are deeply intertwined with the broader context of Indian politics, where national security and identity play pivotal roles. By framing his government as a protector of Indian sovereignty and cultural heritage, Modi consolidates support and reinforces his political base.

As India continues to navigate the complexities of its relationship with Pakistan, Modi’s stance will likely remain a defining feature of his leadership. The interplay of historical context, security concerns, and political strategy will continue to shape the trajectory of Indo-Pakistani relations in the years to come.