In September 2021, the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) was held in Glasgow, Scotland, with the aim of accelerating global action on climate change. World leaders and activists gathered to discuss ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change. According to the National Weather Service, a heat wave is a period of abnormally hot weather that lasts more than two days. It occurs when a high-pressure system moves over an area and forces air downward. Warm air at the ground that would normally rise to the cooler upper atmosphere and create rain is instead trapped in place.
As increasing temperatures have led to warmer, drier conditions in some areas, wildfires have escalated, becoming both more frequent and more intense in recent decades. The West and Southwest have experienced this acutely: Between 2012 and 2021, over 24% of forested land in California burned.
Heat waves are becoming more frequent and intense in the U.S., with major cities now averaging about six per year. In September 2022, temperatures in San Jose and Sacramento soared to well over 100 degrees, pushing California’s electrical grid nearly to its limit. Soon after, the state moved forward with plans to create the nation’s first heat wave ranking system. But what are heat waves, and why do they happen?
The Federal Emergency Management Agency describes a wildfire as “an unplanned, unwanted fire burning in a natural area, such as a forest, grassland, or prairie.” The cause can be anything from lightning to a stray cigarette to arson. Climate change has intensified wildfires in part because warmer temperatures can dry out trees, grasses, and shrubs, making them even more combustible. But this is compounded by the fact that long-standing policies of fire suppression in the West have led to a buildup of these wildfire fuels.
But as wildfires burn increasingly out of control, state and federal agencies are reconsidering their strategy of fire suppression. In California, the Karuk and other Native American groups are working to bring back their ancient practices. And the U.S. Forest Service is also adopting “prescribed burn” practices to manage forests with fire on a larger scale. Intentional burning allows people to select specific areas to burn and do so when conditions like humidity and wind are such that the risk of escape is lowest. The result? A methodical process that nurtures native species and helps keep wildfires contained.
Rising temperatures have a direct impact on the water cycle and the hotter it gets, the drier the landscape can get. This can eventually lead to extreme drought. Droughts affect not only surface water like lakes and rivers, but also the groundwater that is stored in aquifers and the soil. Groundwater is mostly rainwater and snowmelt that’s captured in spaces below ground, where wells can tap it for drinking water. But once that water gets used up, the dry ground sucks the surface water downward.
One place that has dealt with a water shortage is Orange County, California, whose growing population was already straining its groundwater supply by the late 1990s. And because Orange County is on the coast, its groundwater aquifer is connected to the ocean, which means that when groundwater is depleted, salty ocean water can replace it. With a water system nearing its breaking point, the county turned to a surprising source: wastewater.
While climate change can cause extreme weather tied to heat, it can also cause extreme weather tied to wetter conditions. Today, during hurricane season, the Gulf of Mexico is about one to two degrees warmer than it was in the 1980s. And that warmer water supercharges storms. Research suggests that hurricanes are both becoming stronger and moving more slowly over land.
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By Planting More Than One Billion Trees Since the 1990s, China Has Slowed Desert Expansion and Restored Vast Areas of Degraded Land
Over the past three decades, China has carried out one of the largest environmental restoration efforts in human history. By planting more than one billion trees since the 1990s, the country has significantly slowed the spread of deserts and helped revive vast areas of once-degraded land. This ambitious reforestation campaign has not only reshaped China’s landscapes but also altered how the world views large-scale environmental recovery. Desertification has long been one of China’s most serious environmental challenges. Expanding deserts threatened farmland, water supplies, biodiversity, and the livelihoods of millions of people. Faced with these risks, China turned to trees—not as a quick fix, but as a long-term strategy. The Growing Threat of Desertification Before large-scale planting began, desertification was advancing at an alarming pace. Northern and western regions of China were particularly vulnerable, with deserts encroaching on villages, farmland, and infrastructure. Dust storms became more frequent, sometimes traveling thousands of miles and affecting neighboring countries. Desertification does not happen overnight. It is often the result of deforestation, overgrazing, climate change, and unsustainable land use. Once land degrades, restoring it becomes difficult and expensive. By the late 20th century, Chinese authorities recognized that without intervention, desert expansion could undermine food security and economic development. The Launch of a Massive Tree-Planting Effort In response, China launched multiple reforestation and land restoration programs in the 1990s. Among the most well-known is the “Three-North Shelterbelt Program,” often referred to as the “Great Green Wall.” Its goal was simple but ambitious: create vast belts of forest to block desert winds, stabilize soil, and protect agricultural land. Tree planting became a national priority. Local governments, communities, students, and even businesses were encouraged to participate. Over time, these efforts added up—more than one billion trees planted across deserts, plains, and degraded regions. How Trees Help Stop Desert Expansion Trees play a crucial role in slowing desertification. Their roots anchor soil in place, reducing erosion caused by wind and water. Leaves and branches act as windbreaks, limiting the movement of sand. Trees also help retain moisture in the soil, creating conditions that allow grasses and other plants to grow. As vegetation returns, ecosystems begin to recover. Wildlife slowly reappears, soil fertility improves, and land once considered unusable can support agriculture again. In many areas of China, regions previously labeled as barren have been transformed into productive landscapes. Restoring Degraded Land at Scale Beyond slowing deserts, China’s reforestation programs have helped restore millions of hectares of degraded land. Formerly overused farmland has been replanted with trees and grasses, allowing soil to recover. Hillsides vulnerable to erosion have been stabilized, reducing flooding risks downstream. Satellite images over the years show a visible increase in green coverage across large parts of the country. These changes are not just cosmetic; they represent improved land health and resilience against climate extremes. Importantly, restoration efforts have evolved over time. Early projects focused on planting large numbers of trees quickly, sometimes using non-native species. More recent programs emphasize sustainability, biodiversity, and selecting tree species suited to local climates. Environmental and Climate Benefits The environmental benefits of planting more than one billion trees extend far beyond desert control. Forests absorb carbon dioxide, helping mitigate climate change. Increased vegetation also improves air quality, reduces dust storms, and supports water cycles. China’s expanding forests have contributed to global greening trends observed by scientists using satellite data. While tree planting alone cannot solve climate change, it plays a meaningful role when combined with emissions reductions and sustainable land management. Challenges and Criticism Despite its successes, China’s tree-planting campaign has not been without criticism. In some regions, fast-growing trees were planted in dry areas where water resources were limited. This led to concerns about water shortages and long-term survival rates. Environmental experts have emphasized that planting trees is only effective when ecosystems are respected. Grasslands, for example, may not benefit from dense forests. Recognizing this, newer initiatives focus on ecosystem-based restoration, not just tree counts. These lessons highlight an important truth: restoration is complex, and success depends on adapting strategies to local conditions. Community Involvement and Economic Impact Reforestation has also had social and economic impacts. Many rural communities have benefited from jobs related to planting, maintaining, and managing forests. Eco-tourism has grown in some restored areas, providing alternative income sources. Involving local communities has proven essential. When people have a stake in protecting restored land, projects are more likely to succeed in the long term. A Model for Global Land Restoration? China’s experience offers valuable lessons for other countries facing desertification. Large-scale restoration is possible, but it requires long-term commitment, scientific planning, and community involvement. While no single model fits all regions, China’s efforts show that degraded land does not have to remain degraded forever. With patience and sustained investment, ecosystems can recover—even at a massive scale. Final Thoughts By planting more than one billion trees since the 1990s, China has demonstrated how determined action can slow desert expansion and restore vast areas of degraded land. The transformation has not been perfect, but it has been significant. As the world grapples with climate change, land degradation, and food insecurity, China’s reforestation journey stands as a powerful reminder: restoring nature is possible—and the benefits can last for generations.
By Muhammad Hassanabout 8 hours ago in Earth
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