Why Is Blue So Rare In Nature?

There are no blue tigers. No blue bats, no blue squirrels, or blue dogs. Even blue whales aren’t that blue. Animals come in pretty much every color, but

blue seems to be the rarest. What’s cool, though, is when we do find

a blue animal, they’re awesome looking. Nature doesn’t do halfway with blue. To understand why this is, we’re gonna journey

through evolution, chemistry, and some very cool physics. But, first we’re gonna need to understand

why animals are any color at all, and to do that, we need to go look at some butterflies…

because butterflies are awesome… and if you don’t think so, you’re wrong This is Bob Robbins. He’s curator of Lepidoptera at the National

Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C. Butterflies ARE awesome. Make no mistake about it. They’re a group of moths that evolved to

be active during the day, and if you’re active during the day, you have an advantage:

You can use light to communicate. You probably realize this, but out of all insects, butterflies display the brightest and most detailed patterns. And there’s a good reason for that: The colors in butterfly wings deliver messages,

like “I’m toxic”, or “I’m a male and this is my territory”, but not all butterfly

colors are created equal. If we zoom way in on a butterfly wing, we

see the colors come from tiny scales. It’s actually how moths and butterflies

get their scientific name. Oranges, reds, yellows browns…those scales

all contain pigments, organic molecules that absorb every color except what we see. Black scales absorb all colors. Animals, from butterflies to birds to you

and me, don’t make these pigments from scratch, they’re made from ingredients in our diet. You might know this thanks to flamingos: They’re

born gray, but turn pink thanks to pigments called carotenoids in crustaceans they eat. So when it comes to these colors: You are

what you eat. But not so for blue. Blue is *different* If you move the camera, you can see that the

color changes as you move the camera. It does. It’s like a hologram thing. This is because there’s no blue pigment

in these butterflies Wait… so they’re blue, but they’re not

really blue? That’s correct! Yes. You’re lying to me butterflies! These are Blue Morpho butterflies, maybe the prettiest butterflies of all. I mean… they did make it the butterfly emoji. The blue color isn’t from a pigment. The blue comes from the shape of the wing

scale itself, and when I learned how this works, it kinda blew my mind. If we zoom way in on a blue wing scale, we

see these little ridges. If we slice across the scale, and look closer,

we see those ridges are shaped like tiny Christmas trees. The arrangement of the branches is what gives

Morpho wings their blue color. When light comes in, some bounces off the

top surface. But some light passes into the layer and reflects

off the bottom surface. For most colors of light, waves reflecting

from the top and bottom will be out of phase, they’ll be canceled out, and that light

is removed. But blue light has just the right wavelength:

the reflected light waves are in sync, and that color makes it to our eye. This hall of mirrors only lets blue light

escape. There’s even a pigment at the base that

absorbs stray red and green light to make the blue even more pure. That’s how we get this awesome iridescent

blue. The microscopic structure of the wing itself. All of this happens because of the way light

bends when it moves from air into another material. So if we fill all those tiny gaps with something

other than air, like alcohol, the blue disappears. Technically, this “changes the index of

refraction”, but in plain English that means blue light is no longer bent the right way. The microscopic light filter is broken. Until the alcohol evaporates. And the color returns. But these butterflies live in the rainforest. You think they’d lose their color any time

they got wet, right? Well watch this. These wing scales are made of a material that’s

naturally water-resistant. What about this blue jay feather? If we look through it, the color completely

disappears. No blue pigment. Each feather bristle contains light-scattering

microscopic beads, spaced so everything but blue light is canceled out. Unlike the highly-ordered structures we find

in butterfly wings, these feather structures are more messy, like a foam, so instead of

changing as we move, the color’s more even from every direction. Peacock tail feathers? Again it’s the shape of the feather, not

pigment. But the light reflecting structures here are

more ordered, like a crystal, so it’s brighter from certain angles. There’s even a monkey–WHOA let’s keep

this PG!!–even that color is made by the adding and subtracting of light waves thanks

to structures in the skin… not pigment. And yes, even your blue eyes, are colored

by structures, not pigments. Outside of the ocean, almost exclusively,

the bluest living things make their colors with microscopic structures, and each one’s

a little different. No vertebrate, not a single bird or mammal

or reptile that we know of, makes a blue pigment on its body. In fact, there’s only one known butterfly

that has cracked the code for making a true blue pigment. Blue as a pigment in nature is incredibly

rare. But there’s one exception so far that we

know about, and these are over here called the olivewings. They have evolved a blue pigment. They’re not very common and we don’t know

much about them, and I don’t know of any other blue pigment. That’s a really special butterfly. Why is almost all of nature’s blue made

from structures and not pigments like everything else? I’ve asked this question to several scientists

that study color, and here’s their best theory so far: At some point way back in time,

birds and butterflies evolved the ability to see blue light. But they hadn’t yet evolved a way to paint

their bodies that color. But if they could, it’d be like going from

early Beatles to Sgt. Pepper’s Beatles. it meant new opportunities for communicating

and survival. Creating some blue pigment–out of the blue–would

have required inventing new chemistry, and there was no way to just add that recipe to

their genes. It was much easier for evolution to change

the shape of their bodies, ever so slightly, at the most microscopic level, and create

blue using physics instead. They solved a biology problem with engineering. What I love about this is these colors have

fascinated curious people for hundreds of years. After looking at peacock feathers through

one of the first microscopes back in the 1600’s Robert Hooke wrote:

“these colours are onely fantastical ones” Even Isaac Newton noticed there was something

unusual about these blues, and scientists have been studying it ever since. Not only because the science is interesting,

but because it’s beautiful. Thanks for watching, and stay curious.