Qaisar iqbal

“From Allies to Adversaries:

his y Introduction Once allies in a complex and unstable Middle East, Iran and Israel’s relationship has shifted dramatically over the past several decades. From covert military cooperation and oil deals during the reign of Iran’s Shah to today's deadly standoffs, cyberattacks, and proxy wars — their history is one of trust shattered, secrets unearthed, and a silent war that has shaped the very structure of the region.