Antimalarial Medication: Understanding Side Effects and Risks

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through mosquito bites. Luckily, antimalarial drugs can prevent and treat malaria, which can otherwise become life-threatening. These medications are effective in combating malaria, true. However, several side effects can also occur, from mild discomfort to severe health complications. Understanding these side effects can help people determine which treatment option will be best for them. This blog discusses the common, less common, and serious side effects of antimalarial medication. Read on to learn more.

Common Side Effects of Antimalarial Drugs

Temporary side effects that are mild to moderate are common in people taking antimalarial medication. These include:

Gastrointestinal Issues

• Nausea and vomiting – This is a common reaction to antimalarial drugs, often mild but sometimes severe.
• Stomach pain and diarrhea – These are two other common symptoms of antimalarial medications and can lead to dehydration if persistent.
• Loss of appetite (anorexia) – Some individuals may lose appetite as a side effect of antimalarial medicine.

Neurological Symptoms

• Headache is another common symptom that’s often mild but can be bothersome.
• Dizziness – Dizziness may affect balance and coordination.
• Fatigue and weakness – Antimalarial medications in high doses may lead to fatigue and weakness.

Other Common Side Effects

• Fever and chills – These symptoms appear to be side effects of antimalarial medicine and are often mistaken for malaria symptoms.
• Muscle or joint pain – Often appears as flu-like symptoms.
• Skin rash and itching – These are often mild allergic symptoms.

Less Common but Potentially Serious Side Effects

While uncommon, some antimalarial drugs can cause severe health issues that require immediate medical attention.

Liver Problems

• Jaundice – Characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes, indicating liver distress.
• Elevated liver enzymes – This can lead to liver inflammation or damage.
• Liver failure – Rare but potentially fatal, particularly with prolonged use or overdose.

Visual Disturbances

• Blurred vision – This may be temporary or long-lasting.
• Retinopathy – Damage to the retina may also occur, particularly during prolonged use.
• Irreversible vision loss – This is seen in rare cases, mainly with chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine.

Cardiovascular Effects

• Fast or irregular heartbeat – This can be dangerous, especially in individuals with heart conditions.
• Changes in heart rhythm – Some antimalarial medicine can prolong the QT interval, leading to arrhythmias.
• Low blood pressure (hypotension) – May cause dizziness and fainting.

Psychiatric Symptoms

• Anxiety and nightmares – Often reported with mefloquine.
• Hallucinations and psychosis – Severe mental disturbances requiring medical attention.
• Seizures – Rare but can occur in predisposed individuals.

Other Serious Reactions

• Anemia – A drop in red blood cell count, leading to fatigue.
• Thrombocytopenia – Low platelet count, increasing the risk of bleeding.
• Anaphylaxis – A severe allergic reaction requiring emergency treatment.
• Stevens-Johnson syndrome – A life-threatening skin reaction.
• Erythema multiforme – An immune system-triggered skin reaction.

Side Effects of Specific Antimalarial Medication

Different antimalarial medications have unique side effect profiles:

• Malarone (Atovaquone-Proguanil) – Commonly causes headaches, nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain.
• Mefloquine – Known for its neuropsychiatric effects, including dizziness, confusion, psychosis, and seizures.
• Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine can lead to visual disturbances and long-term retinal damage.
• Artemether-Lumefantrine – Frequently causes headaches, fever, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting.

Important Safety Precautions

Severity and Duration of Side Effects

The intensity and duration of side effects vary among individuals. Some side effects may disappear after a few days, while others may persist or worsen. Prolonged or severe reactions should be reported to a healthcare provider.

Individual Variation in Drug Response

Genetic differences, pre-existing conditions, and overall health can influence how a person reacts to antimalarial medication. Some people may tolerate certain drugs well, while others experience significant discomfort.

Drug Interactions to Be Aware Of

Antimalarial drugs can interact with other medications, such as blood thinners, antidepressants, and heart medications. Inform your doctor about all your medications to avoid adverse interactions.

Consult a Doctor if Side Effects Occur

If you experience severe or unusual side effects, seek medical attention immediately. Early intervention can prevent complications and ensure that alternative treatment options are considered if necessary.

Conclusion

While antimalarial drugs are essential in fighting malaria, they can have potential side effects ranging from mild to severe. Understanding these risks can help individuals make informed choices about their treatment. In addition to medication, preventive strategies such as mosquito control measures can significantly reduce the risk of malaria.

Always follow your doctor’s advice, monitor your symptoms, and report any concerning reactions to ensure these medications' safe and effective use. If traveling to a malaria-endemic region, consult a healthcare provider well in advance to discuss the best preventive approach tailored to your specific health needs.