The Science Of Depression

Depression affects more than 350 million people globally, making it an undeniably real and significant problem. However, what really is going on within a person who is depressed? Do these strong emotions of grief have a biological basis?

Depression used to be frequently explained as only a "chemical imbalance" in the brain. More specifically, researchers thought that the neurotransmitter serotonin—often referred to as the "feel good" chemical—was missing from the equation. The only solid proof for this, nevertheless, came from the observation that some depressed patients' symptoms were lessened when they were administered medications that raised serotonin levels. Chemicals undoubtedly have a role, but this perspective fails to adequately convey the complexity of sadness. Scientists have recently started to realize that the connections and proliferation of brain cells may really play a greater role.

The networks and cells really break down.

It turns out that the reduction of new neurons in this region of the brain may be primarily caused by stress. In fact, research has demonstrated that mood improves when this area of the brain regenerates and stimulates new neurons. It's interesting to note that a large number of contemporary medications, particularly those that alter serotonin levels, indirectly influence the development of brain cells. This explains why certain patients may seem to benefit from serotonin-based medications, but not for the reasons we once believed. Rather, they encourage the production of other substances that in turn drive neurogenesis, or the development of new neurons. Given this, several experts now think that the emphasis should be on medications that directly impact neurogenesis.

In addition to the direct determinants, other genetic variables have also been identified. According to one particular study, those who have a mutation in the serotonin transporter gene are more prone to depression. The gene is present in every person in two copies, one from each parent. Additionally, this gene might be "long" or "short."

Following 800 young adults for five years, the research found that 33% of those with one short version had depression following stressful life events; those with two short genes fared much worse. Conversely, people with two "long" genes had a much lower risk of developing depression under identical life stress conditions. Numerous additional genes that raise the risk of depression have also been found. It also makes sense when you realize that bipolar illness and depression both run in families. Research on identical twins reveals that there is a 60–80% likelihood that if one develops bipolar illness, the other will follow suit.

Hence, even though the exact cause or causes of depression are still unknown (believe us, there is a TON of additional factors that research suggests could be involved), it's critical to keep in mind that depression is a disease with a biological basis as well as psychological and social ramifications. It's more than just a flaw that someone has to "get over" or even something we can influence. And just as with cancer or heart disease, raising awareness of the issue is crucial to securing funds for appropriate research.

Depression, affecting over 350 million people worldwide, is a complex condition with deep biological, genetic, and psychological roots. While the simplistic view of depression as merely a "chemical imbalance" in serotonin levels has been challenged, recent research highlights the significant role of neurogenesis and genetic factors in its development. Stress and the resulting breakdown of brain cells play a crucial role, suggesting that future treatments may need to focus more on promoting the growth of new neurons rather than solely adjusting serotonin levels. Additionally, genetic predispositions, such as variations in the serotonin transporter gene, further complicate the picture. Understanding that depression involves a multifaceted interplay of biological, psychological, and social elements underscores the importance of continued research and awareness. Like other serious diseases, depression requires comprehensive strategies and resources to effectively address and manage its impact.