How Does an Electromagnetic Crane Work? Master the Fundamentals!

The electromagnetic crane comprises a crane structure, an electromagnet, a power supply, and a control system. It is important to ask, how does an electromagnetic crane work? This type of crane uses electromagnetic principles to lift and transport steel and iron materials. Since the electromagnetic crane working principle differs from those of general cranes, operators, and maintenance personnel need to understand how these cranes function.

Electromagnetism Principle

The core of an electromagnetic crane lies in the concept of electromagnetism. When electric current flows through a coil, it generates a magnetic field around the coil. The strength of this magnetic field can be controlled by adjusting the amount of current passing through the coil. This phenomenon is the foundation of how an electromagnet operates, and the electromagnet is a crucial component of an electromagnetic crane.

Composition of the Electromagnet

The electromagnet is the heart of the electromagnetic crane. It consists of a magnetic core and a coil wound around the core. When current flows through the coil, it generates a strong magnetic field and electromagnetic force, which attract ferromagnetic materials.

The images above illustrate the key components of an electromagnetic chuck, which is widely used in industrial applications for handling ferromagnetic materials. The main parts are:

• Coil Core (Middle Section):

The coil core forms the electromagnetic field's center. It consists of tightly wound conductive wire, typically made of copper or aluminum. When electric current passes through the coil, it generates a magnetic field that attracts ferromagnetic materials.

• Metal Casing:

Surrounding the coil core, the metal casing provides structural integrity and protects the electromagnetic coil from external impacts or environmental damage. It is usually made of robust materials like steel to endure industrial environments.

• Non-Magnetic Base Plate:

Located at the bottom, this base plate is made of non-magnetic materials, ensuring that the magnetic field does not interfere with the machine base or other non-targeted areas. It also helps focus the magnetic force toward the desired object for optimal performance.

Electromagnetic Crane Working Principle

When an electromagnetic crane is in use, the power supply is connected, allowing current to flow through the circuit. This current energizes the electromagnet, generating a magnetic field. The magnetic force produced by this field can attract steel and iron materials. When the lifted materials reach the designated location, the current is cut off, causing the electromagnet to lose its magnetism, and the steel items are released.

If the current remains constant, increasing the number of turns in the coil on the crane will enhance the magnetic force; if the number of coil turns stays the same, increasing the current will also increase the magnetic force.

The electromagnet on the crane is controlled flexibly, typically by switching the current on or off to control the presence or absence of magnetic force. The strength of the magnetic force can be adjusted by varying the current, and the polarity of the electromagnet can be controlled by changing the direction of the current.

It is important to note that the electromagnet only produces magnetic force when there is current flowing through its coils. If the power supply is suddenly interrupted, the attracted materials may fall due to the loss of magnetic force, potentially leading to accidents. To prevent such accidents, electromagnetic cranes in Kuangshan Crane are equipped with a power outage magnetic retention feature. In addition to the primary power source, a backup power supply is also provided. If the primary power source fails, the backup battery supply immediately powers the electromagnet to maintain its magnetic attraction, preventing accidents. This magnetic retention feature typically lasts for 15-20 minutes.