How do per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) affect cortisol levels?

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), often referred to as “forever chemicals” due to their persistence in the environment, are synthetic compounds commonly found in products like non-stick cookware, water-repellent fabrics, and firefighting foams. Recently, research has highlighted concerns about how PFAS can affect human health, including their impact on cortisol levels, the body’s primary stress hormone.

What Is Cortisol?

Cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands and plays a key role in regulating various bodily functions, including metabolism, immune response, and the stress response. When faced with stress, your body releases cortisol to help manage and adapt to the challenge. However, abnormal cortisol levels — either too high or too low — can lead to health issues such as anxiety, weight gain, chronic fatigue, and immune system dysfunction.

How PFAS Interact with Cortisol Regulation

Emerging research suggests that PFAS can interfere with the endocrine system, which regulates hormone production, including cortisol. Here’s how PFAS may influence cortisol levels:

Endocrine Disruption: PFAS are known endocrine disruptors, which means they can interfere with hormone signaling pathways. Specifically, PFAS can alter the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the system responsible for regulating cortisol production. This disruption can lead to either overproduction or underproduction of cortisol, depending on the type of PFAS exposure.

Chronic Stress Response: PFAS exposure has been linked to chronic activation of the stress response. Long-term exposure to these chemicals may lead to prolonged cortisol release, resulting in elevated cortisol levels. Over time, elevated cortisol can contribute to health problems like high blood pressure, impaired cognitive function, and increased fat storage, particularly around the abdomen.

Potential for Lowered Cortisol: Some studies indicate that PFAS might also reduce cortisol levels by damaging the adrenal glands, leading to a condition known as “adrenal insufficiency.” This can leave individuals feeling fatigued, weak, and more susceptible to stress, as their bodies struggle to produce sufficient cortisol.

Immune System Effects: Cortisol is also crucial for modulating the immune response. Disruptions in cortisol levels due to PFAS exposure can weaken the immune system, making the body less capable of responding to infections or injuries. This weakened immune response can leave the body vulnerable to chronic inflammation, which is linked to many long-term health issues.

Health Implications of PFAS-Induced Cortisol Imbalance

The effect of PFAS on cortisol levels can have far-reaching health consequences:

Metabolic Issues: Elevated cortisol can contribute to weight gain, particularly around the midsection, as well as insulin resistance, increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Mood and Mental Health: Imbalanced cortisol levels can lead to mood swings, anxiety, depression, and even cognitive impairments, as cortisol plays a critical role in brain function.

Cardiovascular Health: Chronic cortisol elevation can lead to high blood pressure, which increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Reduced Resilience to Stress: In cases where PFAS lowers cortisol production, individuals may experience adrenal insufficiency, making them more vulnerable to stress and less able to manage physical and emotional challenges.

What Can You Do?

Given the potential health risks associated with PFAS exposure and cortisol disruption, it’s essential to take proactive steps:

Limit Exposure: Reduce exposure to PFAS by avoiding products that contain them, such as non-stick cookware, stain-resistant fabrics, and fast food packaging. Opt for safer alternatives where possible.

Stay Informed: Stay updated on local water quality reports, as PFAS can contaminate drinking water supplies. Consider using water filters that are certified to remove PFAS if you live in an area where contamination is a concern.

Get Tested: If you suspect prolonged PFAS exposure, talk to your healthcare provider about testing for PFAS levels in your body and monitoring your cortisol levels if you experience symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, or chronic stress.

Conclusion

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) can have significant effects on cortisol levels by disrupting the endocrine system and interfering with the body’s natural stress response. Whether elevating or lowering cortisol levels, PFAS exposure can lead to a variety of health problems, including metabolic disorders, immune dysfunction, and cardiovascular risks. Reducing PFAS exposure and maintaining a healthy stress response are key to mitigating these effects and preserving overall health.