Buddhism - UPSC Important Notes - Part II

Buddhism - UPSC Important Notes - Part II

The Formation of the Buddhist Sangha

The Buddhist Sangha is a key part of Buddhist practice. It is a monastic community made up of monks and nuns. This group helps keep Buddhist teachings alive and shares them with others.

It started in the fifth century BCE with a small group led by the Buddha. Over time, it grew into a larger community with support from lay followers. In the Theravada tradition, it includes monks, nuns, and lay followers of both genders.

The Sangha is more than just monks and nuns. It represents the goal of spiritual growth. It has two levels: the arya level for those who have reached a certain stage, and the conventional level for the community of monks and nuns.

Monastic life follows strict rules outlined in the Vinaya. These rules help keep the Sangha's practices pure. The Sangha also shapes culture and values in society, teaching compassion and mindfulness.

Influence of Buddhism on Indian Society

Buddhism has deeply influenced Indian society for over 2,500 years. It was founded by Gautama Buddha in the 6th century BC. This religion has played a key role in changing the culture and society of the subcontinent.

The core teachings of Buddhism in Indian society include non-violence, equality, and living ethically. These teachings challenged the long-standing caste system.

The impact of Buddhism is also seen in art and architecture. Places like the stupas of Sanchi, Amravati, and Gaya show Buddhism's rich cultural legacy. These sites are not just religious but also showcase ancient artistic skills.

• Buddhism's teachings, focusing on compassion and equality, led to a more inclusive society.
• Important schools like Nalanda and Taxila were supported by Buddhism, promoting learning and diversity.
• The idea of 'Ahimsa', or non-violence, encouraged kindness and community among people.

In caves like Ajanta and Ellora, we see the art inspired by Buddhism. The carvings of the Buddha and other symbols show the core values of Buddhism.

Over time, Buddhist scholars and missionaries spread these teachings. This led to a cultural mix that enriched Indian literature, art, and philosophy. Buddhism's influence helped create a sense of unity and brotherhood in society.

Buddhist Councils: An Overview

The historical importance of Buddhist councils is huge. They aimed to keep the Buddha's teachings alive through many changes. The first council happened right after the Buddha passed away in 483 BC.

It was in Rajagriha, led by Mahākāśyapa with King Ajatashatru's help. About 499 top arhats were there. They made sure the Vinaya Pitaka and Sutta Pitaka were saved, despite some disagreements.

The council history shows many important meetings. The second council in 383 BC in Vaishali led to two schools: Sthaviravadins and Mahasamghikas. This showed how councils shape the community's future.

The third council in 247 BC got rid of fake monks and finalized the Tripitaka. The fourth council in 72 AD in Tambapanni saw the start of Mahayana and Hinayana schools. This showed councils can adapt to new ideas.

The fifth and sixth councils were in Mandalay, Burma (1871), and Rangoon, Burma (1954). They recited the Pali Theravada canon and carved teachings on stone. The sixth council celebrated 2,500 years of Buddhism, with 2,500 monks showing the councils' lasting role.

Spread and Growth of Buddhism in India

Buddhism started in India around the 6th or 5th century BCE. It began with the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha. His ideas drew many followers, leading to Buddhism's growth in India.

Emperor Ashoka's support in the 3rd century BC helped Buddhism spread widely. This support came from different rulers across various regions.

Buddhism appealed to many social classes in India. It taught about compassion and the quest for enlightenment. This made it welcoming to everyone. Monasteries and royal support also helped spread Buddhism.

During this time, Buddhism split into two main branches: Mahāsāṃghika and Sthaviravāda.

Buddhism spread through trade routes, reaching places like Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Central Asia. King Kanishka of the Kushan empire was key in spreading Buddhism in Central Asia. He built temples and translated texts, helping Buddhism grow.

But, Buddhism's presence in India declined over time. This was due to foreign invasions and the fall of local empires. By the 12th century, Buddhism was almost gone from most of India. But, it remained in the Himalayas and southern India.

Today, Buddhism is coming back in India. The Maha Bodhi Society and B. R. Ambedkar's Dalit Buddhist movement are key. These efforts show Buddhism's lasting appeal in India. Now, about 8.4 million Buddhists live in India, making up 0.70% of the population.

Important Symbols and Icons in Buddhism

Buddhism is filled with symbols and icons that hold deep meanings. These symbols represent key teachings and guide followers on their spiritual paths. For example, the Dhammachakra or Wheel of Dharma symbolizes the path to enlightenment. The Bodhi tree, known as ficus religiosa, represents wisdom gained under its branches.

The lotus flower is another important symbol, representing purity and spiritual awakening. Its growth from a bud to a full flower shows the journey from ignorance to enlightenment.

• The mala, with 9, 21, or 108 beads, is deeply spiritual. The number 108 is commonly used in rituals.
• The swastika, an ancient symbol, represents good fortune. In Buddhism, it symbolizes the Buddha's heart and infinity in Chinese culture.
• The vajra symbol, used in rituals, represents indestructibility and unstoppable force. It reflects deep Buddhist principles.

The Aum (Om) syllable has three letters, symbolizing body, spirit, and speech. These are key experiences in Buddhist teachings. The ensō symbol, often drawn quickly, represents a moment of freedom in the mind. It's common in Zen Buddhism.

Each symbol reminds followers of the meaning of symbols in Buddhism. They encourage practitioners to live the teachings they represent. The blend of history and spiritual purpose adds to the richness of Buddhist symbolism. It's essential for understanding Buddhist practice and philosophy.

Click Here to Read Buddhism - UPSC Important Notes - Part III