Article On Educaion Policies
Primary School Policies and stagries 1947 to 2023
Topic:Education Policies Of Pakistan 1947 To 2020
Studies:
This article is based on both relevant literature and a critical study of national education policy from the First All Pakistan National Conference in 1947 to the National Education Policy of 2017. (Ahmad, 2022).In 2009, the UN COP17 approved an analytical framework that was based on the ground-breaking research of Levander & Mikkola. (Samra Bashir, Hussain at all 2022). Pakistan needs more money and resources for education given its existing situation. This study aims to pinpoint the fundamental causes of inadequate educational policy results by evaluating the implementation problems of educational policy. The study looks at Pakistan's educational policy implementation goals and challenges using a retrospective approach and a qualitative research design. (Akhtar, Tanweer, Khaskheli, at all 2022). In order to promote the long-term expansion of the economy, Pakistan's national education policies have placed a heavy focus on demand-oriented curriculum, universal access to higher education, and the need for research and innovation. The National Education Policy of 1970 focused primarily on science and technology, and the nationalisation of private institutions was a key component of programmes in the 1970s and 1980s. (Awan,2022). Quantitative content analysis of newly formed national educational policy is the study's technique (1959, 1972, 1998-2010, 2009-2010). Content analysis may be used to analyses and infer from communication signals that are written, spoken, or visual. It was first used to classify music, newspaper and magazine articles, advertisements, and political speeches in the nineteenth century. (Malik, M Manzoor, Kumar, at all 2022).The primary objective of this research paper is to investigate key alterations in educational policy that occurred from 1971 to 1977, under the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto administration. The study's findings may be discovered by using qualitative research methods and methodologies. Data for this study were gathered from both primary and secondary sources. (Jinshan, 2022). The goal of this article is to offer a critical analysis of Pakistan's language planning and policy (LPP) and how it has impacted the indigenous languages of the nation. It draws on secondary sources of data including scholarly publications, policy documents, and the opinions of language critics. The data demonstrates that Pakistan's LPP initiatives have failed because the country's multilingualism was not treated with respect. (Monti, G., & Micheli, at all 2022). Due to their complexity, Pakistan's national education plans usually fall short of expectations during the implementation stage. Successive Pakistani administrations have launched a variety of national education programmers and dedicated a significant amount of time and energy to the improvement of education since Pakistan won its independence in 1947. (Xuefeng, 2022). This article seeks to provide a critical evaluation of Pakistan's language planning and policy (LPP) and its effects on the country's indigenous languages. The information shows that Pakistan's LPP policies were unsuccessful because the country's multilingualism was not respected. Some claim that official policy favours the use of Urdu and English over the national languages of Pakistan. (Abbas, 2022). It also examines the policy alternatives and actions performed over the course of over two decades. It captures the attitudes and opinions of the educational community, including subject and language instructors. Finally, it offers recommendations and guidelines for a more comprehensive, successful, and research-based approach to bilingual education. (Iqbal, 2022).According to a research, Punjab's higher education institutions have implemented a variety of reform initiatives to raise the calibre of their faculty, their system of government, and their higher education. Additionally, it highlights the obstacles that must be overcome in order to put these concepts into practise and offers several solutions. With the use of seventeen semi-structured interviews with leading academicians and bureaucrats, the study was conducted utilising a qualitative technique. (Furqan,2022)Fifth and fourth graders at both schools underwent pre-testing. For daily progress evaluation, the observer used a check list. After the observation time, the results of the post-test were compared in the same classes. (Anjum, Aslam, Lodhi, at all 2022).Due to patrilineal tendencies and different cultural patterns, the term's meaning is more ambiguous in traditional and mixed societies. They examined significant barriers such restricted access to financial, health, and educational resources, a lack of awareness of legal rights and low self-esteem, and the underrepresentation of women in politics. (Rashid, 2022).High-quality education offers many prospects for better living, which aids in the advancement of nations and countries. Children are still not sent to school or do not complete high school in some places. If education is not prioritised, several issues may arise. To get a valid scientific outcome, the study employed a number of research approaches. (Zia-ur-Rehman, Gardezi, at all 2022).The content analysis of the textbooks reveals that both regimes adopted Hegel's "philosophical" style of historical interpretation, eliminating or disregarding the remainder in favour of their own narratives. (Abbas, 2022).The report reveals that ECE is struggling in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province due to a lack of qualified and experienced instructors who pay less attention to the needs of the children on a physical and psychological level. There are too many pupils packed into the classrooms, and there aren't enough teaching and learning materials. Children's motivation, teaching, and the development of positive behaviours are further hampered by the single-teacher policy, crowded classrooms, and the delivery of high-quality education. (Alam, Tsegay, at all 2022).The impacts of Islamization, statutory and constitutional law, and the educational system are all discussed in this study. (Ali ,2022). According to the president of Ghana's Office for National Education (ONE), an educational institution's duty is to provide people with the information and skills they need to advance academically, emotionally, and socially. It improves and upholds the political, social, economic, and cultural life of the nation. (Fatima, 2022).Pakistan was perceived by the West as an ideology-driven state that fostered anti-Western feeling in a few Muslim countries. They said that most children in Muslim countries, including Pakistan, attend Madaris schools, which are notorious for turning out extremists, fundamentalists, and supporters of Islamic jihad. Education for all underwent a transformation into technical education as a result of the 2002 Education Sector Reforms (ESR). The educational reforms and policies of civil-military governance systems are explained in this article. (Ahmad, Zahra, Perveen, at all 2022).The study demonstrates that without Christian missionaries, political administrations were unable to adopt neoliberal education, coordinate national and international education systems, or keep up with the pace of the economy. The Christian missionaries continued to promote secular, universal education (Asim, 2022).Students are assigned to a select group of Urdu enthusiasts; Urdu is depicted as an Arabic dialect. The investigation notices a dynamic connection between the professors, the school as a setting for discursive social practises, and the sampling textbooks. It incorporates ideas from postcolonial viewpoints, internal colonisation by Robert Blauner, and cultural invasion by Paulo Freire.(Qazi ,Javid, 2022). The exploratory and practical nature of the study led to the identification of many issues with the physical infrastructure supporting the promotion of educational development at the primary school level as well as with the execution of policies at the local level. Only a few of the government organisations with departments engaged in formulating and carrying out policy are NHCD, BECS, and NEF. Both interview and document analysis methodologies were used in the study. (Ambreen, 2022). Private sector teachers in Pakistan believe that the current curriculum is insufficient to rival Oxford and Cambridge's internationally. The results of this study recommend that the parties involved organise training sessions for teachers to provide them with a thorough understanding of the Single National Curriculum. Ask teachers if they are involved in curriculum creation because they think it is a modest but important part of their job. (Saba Iqbal, 2022). The likelihood of completing elementary and secondary education decreases with each additional sibling and education years are reduced by nearly two years. Birth order has a big positive effect; kids who are born later and higher in the birth order do better in school. Due to the traditional desire for sons, there is a considerable gender gap in education in Pakistan. (Khan, Q., & Hou, at all 2022). After the war on terrorism, Pashtun nationalism presents a challenging problem for Pakistan's political and social landscape. The calls for independence in Baluchistan and Sindh have also had a significant influence on the political system. Pakistan has had to cope with a number of issues brought on by ethnic migration since its formation in 1947. (Ahmed, R. Q., & Khan, 2022).Choosing a suitable freshwater depth for the installation of tube wells is the goal of our research. In this study area, sixteen vertical electrical soundings (VES) were set up, and electrical conductivity was also measured using water samples. (Shah, Jianguo,, Jahangir, at all 2022).Pakistan has established a Single National Curriculum for schools, but its educational system is still in shambles. Once it is fully implemented, every child will have a fair and equitable opportunity to get a top-notch education. A country's ability to achieve its goals is aided by having a robust educational system, which is also an important indicator of prosperity and growth. (Basit, Akhtar, Mehmood at all 2022)
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Topics: The economic growth is boosted by political stability Study: Our approach is distinct from Londregan and Poole's in that it considers factors associated with economic growth that have been discovered via empirical research. (Alesina,1992).In order to replicate changes in the size of a leader's patronage coalition, this article employs ministerial appointments to the cabinet. It demonstrates how cabinet sizes differ depending on the type of regime, resource constraints, ethnic fractionalization, and overall population.(Arriola,2009).Using the Global Competitiveness Index as the criterion, a 14-year sample of data from the top 15 Asia Pacific nations with the highest levels of competitiveness was used to analyse political stability. (Rashid, 2017).In this article, a country risk model that considers both political and economic factors is presented. The model reveals that political instability is an incredibly major factor in the likelihood of default. Multi-country default is a risk that may not be diversifiable due to political turmoil and country risk. .(Citron, 1987).The use of energy and tourism have a significant impact on the economic development of MENA nations. .(Tang,2014).The long-term effects of politics on total private investment in developing countries are examined in this essay. Political freedom, political instability, and policy uncertainty are the three political factors that are mentioned. Private investment is positively impacted by political freedom and negatively impacted by political instability. As shown by the fluctuation in government capability, policy uncertainty has a detrimental effect on private investment. .(Feng, 2001). Political stability, which is higher in OIC countries with lower and moderate incomes, has a significant impact on economic growth. Political instability is also more prevalent in OIC nations that depend heavily on oil. .(Uddin, 2017).Political instability was confirmed by a sensitivity study using a few hundred iterations of the original econometric model. .(Gurgul,2013).In order to determine whether these variables enhance the capacity of economic models to predict future events, the research adds variables that suggest various forms of political instability. The studies on country risk, both those that merely use economic conditions as predictive variables and those that additionally take into account political variables, are examined in the section that follows. Due to their higher emphasis on political instability, studies on political risks related to foreign direct investment are also briefly reviewed. . (Haan, 1997).Resource rents affect autocracies differently, and in moderately entrenched autocracies, windfalls can exacerbate the autocratic nature of the political system. .(Caselli, F., & Tesei, at all 2016). Following post-independence Boswana, Mobutu's Zaire, and Suharto's Indonesia, equilibrium pathways of the game-theoretic model were determined by three factors that influenced elites' incentives for diversification. .(Dunning, 2005).This article investigates how export performance in emerging economies is affected by PI and makes the argument that export performance may be more essential for export than overall GDP growth. (Fosu, 2003).While institutional stability has either a negligibly tiny or insignificant impact on domestic patent applications, political stability, regardless of system type, encourages patent applications for US patents. .(Waguespack, D. M., Birnir, at all 2005).Country fixed effect regressions and instrumental models show that the promotion of financial development by international organisations like the World Bank is significantly hampered by political instability brought on by inequality. .(Roe, 2011).West Africa is the most dangerous region of the African continent because of the detrimental effects that social unrest, young unemployment, a high death rate, and rent from natural resources have on economic development. (Okafor, 2017).Economic expansion and political upheaval both encourage corruption. (Nurudeen, A., Abd Karim, at all 2015).Legal implications, history, and the law are crucial in minimising corruption, and legal strengths are significant with a negative sign. Political stability is a strong predictor of corruption. (MacDonald, 2011).Because tax administration is more expensive in countries with fragmented and unstable political systems, seigniorage is more common there. (Cukierman, 1989).The strongest drag on economic growth came from failed coups, and coup plots were shown to be growth-restraining. .(Fosu, 2002).Endogeneity correction methods using econometrics and a dataset of 100 nations from 1960 to 1999. (Aisen, 2006).Pro-business market reforms may be a useful instrument for policy to boost economic growth in less developed countries, but little is understood about how they might counteract political irrationality. Notwithstanding inconsistent results for pro-business market changes, our findings provide support to well-established statements that political instability has a considerable influence on the inputs to national innovation systems. .(Allard, 2012).There are two possible equilibrium states: one where lenders are prepared to accommodate changes in demand for different loan amounts since the borrower is on its demand curve, and the other where credit is rationed and the amount of the loan is determined by nation risk. The two regimes can be distinguished by evidence from outside the sample. (Ozler,1991).In 117 countries covering the years 1980 to 2012, this study looks at the connections between political, economic, and political stability freedom and economic growth. .(Bashir, 2014).This article explores the factors that contribute to the business-specific political unrest that has previously affected Shell in Nigeria and explains why a specialised corporation like Shell could still be interested in making an investment there despite the unpredictability. Moreover, it examines Shell's activities from three angles, demonstrating that political turbulence does not hinder Shell from operating in Nigeria and that Nigeria could be more alluring to Shell than other countries because to its greater productivity and market domination. .(Frynas,1998).Time-series analysis offers a more extensive and in-depth analysis of a nation's institutional and historical traits, the use of the best and most accurate metrics, and a more full presentation of the dynamic growth of the economy. (Asteriou, 2000).MNCs are well-equipped to benefit from FDI thanks to their resources, managerial know-how, and technology (FDI). Despite the possibility of large returns, the flow of FDI is concentrated in a few number of nations. This is because many emerging countries face higher political risk than developed countries. (Azzimonti,2007).Political instability, which can be quantified using the Principal Component Method, impedes the economic development of Pakistan.(Gill, 2010).Display Unit The use of root tests and cointegration tests to validate the FM-dependability of OLS's has given the scientific community and decision-makers fresh insights. .(Abdella, A. B., Naghavi, at all 2018).To comprehend how instability influences growth, budget creation, inflation, and monetary policy, theoretical and empirical models are utilised. (Gyimah-Brempong, 1998).This study looked at how FDI, business environment factors, and macroeconomic indicators in republican and royal nations were affected by political stability (PS). Generalized least squares (GLS) estimation of the data was applied using STATA statistical software programmes after data from UNCTAD and the World Bank were collected.(Musibah, 2017).Models like ARCH and GARCH have been used to analyse how Pakistan's GDP growth has been impacted by political uncertainty, with terrorism having the most detrimental effect on the mean equation. .(Tabassam, A. H., Hashmi, at all 2016).More Investment is directed to countries with more political freedom than to those with weaker democracies and higher levels of corruption.(Kim, 2010).Using the system-GMM estimator, our research looked at how political unrest and corruption affected economic growth for OECD countries between 1984 and 2012. Our results confirm the claim made in the literature that political unrest is bad for economic expansion.(Kaplan, 2017).The study discovered that the GDP growth rate, exports, imports, and balance of payments all had a positive and substantial influence on Pakistan's FDI inflows.(Shahzad,2013).Economic analysis can promote trust since politicians who accept bribes are less likely to win re-election.(Schumacher,2013).Political stability encourages the use of clean energy and raises environmental standards, which promotes the development of the green economy and of environmental standards. (Sohail, 2022).
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