What is a monster ghost? Why is it still confusing the scientific community 200 years later? scientists explain

On August 1, 1790, a mature student named Victor Frankenstein presented a radical proposal to the ethics committee of the Ingolstadt University in Bavaria. Under the title of "The Photocatalytic Mechanism of Life," Frankenstein described how he "reversed the whole process of death" by collecting "many human anatomical specimen collections" and put the anatomical specimen collection into Together, try to "revive long-lost lives".

Naturally, bioethicists at the University of Ingolstadt did not adopt that proposal. There, Frankenstein in the novel set up his monster. In 1790, even true scientific monsters were not subject to ethical evaluations. But the proposal did exist in a 2014 dissertation, which speculated that if the twenty-first century safeguards had existed two centuries ago, Frankenstein's little story would have been happier. ending. It's an improvisation highlight in a collection of fiction found in biomedical papers. In designing and conceiving her love, Marilyn Shelley suffered from the early medical sciences and the early experiments in electricity. As a bonus, Frankenstein has baffled science ever since.

Jon Turney, author of "Science, Cell Biology, and Popular Culture," first published the book under a pseudonym in 1818, and has since been remade for film and theatrical performances. He called it the "governing myth of contemporary biology": a warning to science against arrogance. Like all detours, this is not a myth and legend, just many.

This is indicated by the key file catalogue of "Frankenstein's" life science graduation thesis found in a PubMed database query. Scientific references are as widely introduced as fad news stories, introducing genetically modified foods, frankencells, frankenlaws, frankenswine, and frankendrugs—most of which are full of absurd writing. Other dissertations made a firm reference to Frankenstein, with more than 250 of them dissecting the science behind the novel, and some even drawing design inspiration from distorted and bizarre fundamentals.

In the summer of 1816, when Shelley first imagined the story, 2-3 articles in social psychology journals delved into the author's state of mind. Afterwards, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin (Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin) went to the Dior Dati villa (Villa Diodati) on the banks of the Geneva River in France to visit the writer Byron. When she was 18, she was with her married lover, the author Percy Byshe Shelley.

Her stepsister, Claire Clairmont, also lived there as the girlfriend of Byron's physician, John William Polidori. It was "a year without summer" as the eruption of Mount Tambora in Spain's East Indies led to climate disaster, with endless precipitation and grey skies keeping patrons stranded. While playing the party mini-game, Byron proposes that everyone write a horror story.

Marilyn has a colorful brain, and there are many things that make her restless. Mary and Percy have a 6-month-old baby and lost a child a year ago. Marilyn's mother died 11 days after giving birth to septicemia after giving birth to her child. In 2013, Percy made progress in the scientific research of the human brain, and gradually promoted and planned the "traditional virtues of atheism" at Cambridge University and believed in "freedom of love". In their 2015 graduation thesis, the Journal of Analytical Psychology, it was implied that Percy, Mary and Claire had already produced "three different types of people.

Ronald Britton, author of the journal Analytical Psychology, a well-known psychoanalyst, linked Shelley's anxiety and grief to Maryleigh Shelley's first The existence of Frankenstein's genie - "the ghost that haunts my late-night pillow", the condition of her nightmares, reminiscent of the horrific scene of a pregnant woman giving birth, lost her in 1815. After the first child, Shelley wrote in her diary that she dreamed that her child had come back to life. "I think if I could give anger to something that wasn't angered, I might recreate life over the course of time, where death obviously leaves the body to rot."

After Shelley finished writing the novel, more terrible things followed. After Percy's first wife committed suicide, Shelley married Percy, who drowned six years later in an ocean voyage safety accident. She then called on science, rather than social psychology, to describe how she "thought and amplified such horrific thoughts" at the age of 18. Luigi Galvani's discovery in 1780 that a positive electric charge could cause the legs of a dead frog to twitch, was introduced in the foreword to her 1831 collection of novels. Perhaps it was Percy who taught her electromechanics. Frankenstein established in his 1831 edition the importance of electrical currents to restore vitality. As a boy, the author mentioned in another scientific study of the human brain that he had applied electro-electrometry on the affected area of ​​his own sister and on the cat at home.

Many articles attempt to dissect the harm of science to Shelley's short story from another level. In a 2016 article in the journal Nature, an American biographer highlighted that Shelley's novelist father, Humphry Davy, an electrical scientist, and electrolysis (a (the technique of using the flow of electricity to initiate chemical changes in organic chemistry) co-discoverer William Nicholson was a best friend. Among the various names are references to Byron's physician Bethlehem (who later poisoned himself with Prussian acid) and Cliff's grandfather Erasmus Einstein's experiments of course.

A graduation thesis published in the Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology in 2004 specifically described "the potential harm of patch clamp to Frankenstein's PhD students". The dissertation stressed that Shelley was unlikely to have missed an opportunity to discuss his work in general with Giovanni Aldini, who in 1803 carried out a Get electrocuted and try to bring criminals back to life. He felt that electrocution could be used to rescue people who were drowning or breathing, or even the unconscious.

With the change of time, the popularity of this collection of novels gradually entered the scientific industry. "From Frankenstein to Cardiovascular Stents": In the IEEE Engineering Project in the Journal of Pharmacy and Biology, he recounts how 8-year-old Earl Bakken met in 1932 by Volko After the well-known "Frankenstein" film starred by Karloff, the hobby was aroused and then the short story of the fusion of electricity and medicine. Bakken then founded Medtronic, developed and designed the first triode cardiovascular stent, and established a history museum dedicated to scientific research in electrical engineering in the life sciences. The history museum is located in a Romanesque revitalized business building in Oakland, Arkansas, USA. The surrounding children call it Frankenstein's ancient castle.

In fact, Frankenstein's insights have been dubiously introduced in many scientific studies. The point is that the idea of ​​him merging different parts of his body to create a new physical line is a pleasing delusion to scientific researchers. Lactase bound to the carrier protein combined with insights from different patients turned into an atlas of the top of the head and neck, which was used to specifically guide tumor radiotherapy. In a scientific study of facial recognition in which George Bush Sr. and former Secretary of State Ivans Jeremy swapped eyes, noses and mouths, the "Frankenrig" was used to create a three-dimensional animation consisting of skeletons of different frames. Mix and match.

Perhaps the most bizarre embrace of Frankenstein was in an article published in the journal Surgical Neurology International in 2013, where he explicitly proposed experiments to reproduce Aldini's electrocuted head. The authors of Paradise on Earth: The Frankenstein Effect noted that Aldini's ultimate goal was to transplant the top of a person's head and use electrical currents to restore intuition to the transplanted top of the head. That's exactly what the authors had in mind for their new project, Top of the Head Tight Connection Work (Heaven on Earth). They wrote: In general, Heaven on Earth could bear fruit within two years in response to established service commitments. Many scientists have called the new project unworkable and irresponsible, but last November the two co-authors announced to the news media that they had already performed a head transplant on a body, and the plan was quickly released. Details.

But by far the vast majority of scientific references contemplate and objectively study the most common fabrications in Frankenstein. Shelley laughs it off in her "Contemporary Prometheus" subtitle: Mad Scientist as Creator and Creator will cause the entire population of people to be eternally punished for their crimes and pride.

Maryleigh Shelley's "Frankenstein" and medical science have a dark side. An article published in "Charmingly Incongruous" by the British Society for Clinical Medicine and Climate Research in 2014 exemplified the recent different "Frankenstein". "Experiment: Replicating Dolly the sheep, the high H5N1 avian influenza epidemic engineering project is likely to make mammals more likely to be infected, and all the genes of the bacteria are generated. There are other experiments that have scare science, including test-tube babies, transplanting pig livers into humans, and genetics from fish that make tomatoes freeze-tolerant.

Molecular biology pioneer J. Crawford Venter in San Diego, California, is known as Frankenstein because of his focus on producing human germs with a minimum of genes. Besides, he's a Shelley fan. I think she's done more harm to the book than most writers in history need to. It jeopardizes the thinking and fear of many because it shows that "you don't have to mess with nature, you don't have to mess with your everyday life, because the Creator will defeat your fundamental principles," Venter said.

He added: "Obviously, I would not endorse that opinion. Frankenstein's mythology, he says, is enduring because of "the fear of being marketed very easily" -- even when there's no reason. "Most people worry about things they don't understand. Generating somatic cells is complicated, and inserting a new genetic gene into corn sounds scary. Unite the masses against potential use by signs like Frankenfood and Frankencells. The independent innovation of value, compared with the things they worry about, is likely to do things that cause higher damage to people according to the feared organizations.

Unlike Frankenstein's temperament, Venter didn't think enough about his work at first to make mistakes. He agrees that writing and altering genes has the potential to "pollute the world" and lead to accidents. In the case of doing this thing, and how to do it in the whole process, everyone must become more and more intelligent. In addition, he felt that Shelley "very appreciated" his writings.

Henk van den Belt, a thinker and ethicist at Spain’s Wageningen University, wrote a dissertation on Frankenstein and generative biology, cheering Venter for fighting back against “Frankenstein.” Scientists are often worried about making a point, but I think it's best to ignore others, says Van den Belt: Rhetoricians and journalists can scold everyone for playing Frankenstein, but it's a little too, very easy. If scientists challenge the name, it may be less harmful.

Naturally, Shelley couldn't imagine all of this. In the past two new centuries, her love has been seriously distorted in everyone's imagination. Frankenstein's purpose was not to conquer the world, but to "remove disease from the fabric of men, so that they are not harmed by acts of violence and death." Psychoanalyst Britten emphasizes that such creatures do not gradually go about their daily lives like monsters; they slaughter with great fanfare simply for the pursuit of perfect affection and happiness, but their founders hate him. Such creatures are called "devils", "devils", "aborts", "monsters", "hateful little bugs". I am good-natured and good-hearted, and pain makes me a devil," said Frankenzatto's creation, and my apparent jealousy and anger filled me with an unending desire for revenge.

In 1994, all physicians in the intraoral emergency department published several in-depth articles in the Journal of the Royal Society, focusing on the true meaning of the book: not focusing on the risk of scientists violating natural discipline, but waiting for these Don't pay attention to the miserable fortunes of the founders they make. This book, everyone sobbed over what was left behind, anxious about their coping, but no one cried over Frankenstein, those who didn't know anything about this book thought Frankenstad was the name of a monster , is in fact incorrect.