How sugar affects the brain

Picture warm, gooey cookies, crunchy candies, velvety cakes, waffle cones piled high with ice cream. Is your mouth watering? Are you craving dessert? Why? What happens in the brain

that makes sugary foods so hard to resist? Sugar is a general term

used to describe a class of molecules called carbohydrates, and it's found in a wide variety

of food and drink. Just check the labels

on sweet products you buy. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, dextrose, and starch are all forms of sugar. So are high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, raw sugar, and honey. And sugar isn't just

in candies and desserts, it's also added to tomato sauce, yogurt, dried fruit,

flavored waters, or granola bars. Since sugar is everywhere,

it's important to understand how it affects the brain. What happens when sugar hits your tongue? And does eating a little bit of sugar

make you crave more? You take a bite of cereal. The sugars it contains activate

the sweet-taste receptors, part of the taste buds on the tongue. These receptors send a signal

up to the brain stem, and from there, it forks off

into many areas of the forebrain, one of which is the cerebral cortex. Different sections of the cerebral cortex

process different tastes: bitter, salty, umami, and, in our case, sweet. From here, the signal activates

the brain's reward system. This reward system is a series

of electrical and chemical pathways across several different

regions of the brain. It's a complicated network, but it helps answer a single,

subconscious question: should I do that again? That warm, fuzzy feeling you get

when you taste Grandma's chocolate cake? That's your reward system saying, "Mmm, yes!" And it's not just activated by food. Socializing, sexual behavior, and drugs are just a few examples

of things and experiences that also activate the reward system. But overactivating this reward system

kickstarts a series of unfortunate events: loss of control, craving,

and increased tolerance to sugar. Let's get back to our bite of cereal. It travels down into your stomach

and eventually into your gut. And guess what? There are sugar receptors here, too. They are not taste buds,

but they do send signals telling your brain that you're full or that your body should

produce more insulin to deal with the extra sugar

you're eating. The major currency

of our reward system is dopamine, an important chemical or neurotransmitter. There are many dopamine

receptors in the forebrain, but they're not evenly distributed. Certain areas contain dense

clusters of receptors, and these dopamine hot spots

are a part of our reward system. Drugs like alcohol, nicotine, or heroin send dopamine into overdrive, leading some people

to constantly seek that high, in other words, to be addicted. Sugar also causes dopamine to be released,

though not as violently as drugs. And sugar is rare

among dopamine-inducing foods. Broccoli, for example, has no effect, which probably explains why it's so hard to get

kids to eat their veggies. Speaking of healthy foods, let's say you're hungry

and decide to eat a balanced meal. You do, and dopamine levels spike

in the reward system hot spots. But if you eat that same dish

many days in a row, dopamine levels will spike less and less,

eventually leveling out. That's because when it comes to food, the brain evolved to pay special attention

to new or different tastes. Why? Two reasons: first, to detect food that's gone bad. And second, because the more variety

we have in our diet, the more likely we are

to get all the nutrients we need. To keep that variety up, we need to be able

to recognize a new food, and more importantly, we need

to want to keep eating new foods. And that's why the dopamine levels off

when a food becomes boring. Now, back to that meal. What happens if in place

of the healthy, balanced dish, you eat sugar-rich food instead? If you rarely eat sugar

or don't eat much at a time, the effect is similar

to that of the balanced meal. But if you eat too much,

the dopamine response does not level out. In other words, eating lots of sugar

will continue to feel rewarding. In this way, sugar behaves

a little bit like a drug. It's one reason people seem

to be hooked on sugary foods. So, think back to all those

different kinds of sugar. Each one is unique,

but every time any sugar is consumed, it kickstarts a domino effect in the brain

that sparks a rewarding feeling. Too much, too often,

and things can go into overdrive. So, yes, overconsumption of sugar

can have addictive effects on the brain, but a wedge of cake once

in a while won't hurt you.